In Indian literature, Kāmashastra refers to the tradition of works on Kāma: Desire. It therefore has a practical orientation, similar to that of Arthashastra, the tradition of texts on politics and government. Just as the latter instructs kings and ministers about government, Kāmashastra aims to instruct the townsman in the way to attain enjoyment and fulfillment.
Etymology
Kaama is a Sanskrit word that has the general meanings of "wish", "desire", and "intention" in addition to the specific meanings of "pleasure" and " love". Used as a proper name it refers to Kamadeva, the Hindugod of Love.
History
During the 8th century BC, Shvetaketu, son of Uddalaka, produced a work too vast to be accessible. A scholar called Babhravya, together with his group of disciples, produced a summary of Shvetaketu's summary, which nonetheless remained a huge and encyclopaedic tome. Between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC, several authors reproduced different parts of the Babhravya group's work in various specialist treatises. Among the authors, those whose names are known are Charayana, Ghotakamukha, Gonardiya, Gonikaputra, Suvarnanabha, and Dattaka. However, the oldest available text on this subject is the Kama Sutra ascribed to Vātsyāyana who is often erroneously called "Mallanaga Vātsyāyana". Yashodhara, in his commentary on the Kama Sutra, attributes the origin of erotic science to Mallanaga, the "prophet of the Asuras", implying that the Kama Sutra originated in prehistoric times. The attribution of the name "Mallanaga" to Vātsyāyana is due to the confusion of his role as editor of the Kama Sutra with the role of the mythical creator of erotic science. Vātsyāyana's birth date is not accurately known, but he must have lived earlier than the 7th century since he is referred to by Subandhu in his poem Vāsavadattā. On the other hand, Vātsyāyana must have been familiar with the Arthashastra of Kautilya. Vātsyāyana refers to and quotes a number of texts on this subject, which unfortunately have been lost. Following Vātsyāyana, a number of authors wrote on Kāmashastra, some writing independent manuals of erotics, while others commented on Vātsyāyana. Later well-known works include Kokkaka's Ratirahasya and Anangaranga'' of Kalyanamalla. The most well-known commentator on Vātsyāyana is Jayamangala.
Janavashya by Kallarasa: based on Kakkoka's Ratirahasya
Jayamangala or Jayamangla, by Yashodhara: important commentary on the Kama Sutra
Jaya, by Devadatta Shâstrî: a twentieth-century Hindi commentary on the Kama Sutra
Kâmasamuha, by Ananta
Kandarpacudamani
Kuchopanishad or Kuchumâra Tantra, by Kuchumâra
Kuchopanisad, by Kuchumara
Kuttanimata, by the eighth-century Kashmiri poet Damodaragupta
Mânasollâsa or Abhilashitartha Chintâmani by King Someshvara or Somadeva III of the Châlukya dynasty by Kalyâni A part of this encyclopedia, the Yoshidupabhoga, is devoted to the Kamashastra.
Nagarasarvasva or Nagarsarvasva, by Bhikshu Padmashrî, a tenth- or eleventh-century Buddhist
Panchashâyaka, Panchasakya, or Panchsayaka, by Jyotirîshvara Kavishekhara
One of the reasons for interest in these ancient manuals is their intimate connection with Sanskrit ornate poetry. The poets were supposed to be proficient in the Kamashastra. The entire approach to love and sex in Kāvya poetry is governed by the Kamashastra.
