Biliūnas was born near Anykščiai, in the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire, in the tiny village of Niūronys, where he spent his early childhood. Between 1891 and 1899, he attended the secondary school in Liepāja, and in 1900 matriculated as a medical student at the University of Tartu. He had already been writing for various publications of a socialist nature under the pseudonyms of J. Anykštėnas, Jonas Gražys, J. Barzdyla, as well as others. His anti-Tsarist activities caused him to be expelled from medical school in 1901, and he returned to Lithuania, living in Šiauliai and Panevėžys, until 1903. After several unsuccessful attempts to return to the University of Tartu, Biliūnas journeyed to Leipzig, in the German Empire, where he enrolled in the Handelshochschule, a business and commercial school. It was around this period that Biliūnas took a greater interest in literaturein general, and creative writing in particular. After one semester at the business school, he decided to enroll at the University of Leipzig where he began his formal studies of literature with an emphasis on literary composition. Signs of ill health in Biliūnas had already begun to manifest themselves during his earlier studies at Tartu. By 1904, it became clear that he was suffering from tuberculosis, and the disease had done considerable damage to his health. After spending the summer of 1904 in Lithuania, Biliūnas continued his literary studies by enrolling at the University of Zurich that autumn. Within a year the disease had progressed to the stage where he had to abandon his studies, and he was admitted into a tuberculosissanatorium, in Zakopane. After briefly visiting with his family in Lithuania during the summer of 1906, Biliūnas returned to the sanatorium where his short life ended on 8 December 1907. The two World Wars, and other political considerations, prevented Biliūnas' desire to have his remains returned to Lithuania. Finally in 1953, his wishes were realized, and he was re-interred on a hillfort mound near his birthplace, and a museum was created in Anykščiai, honoring his life and works.
Biliūnas is considered to have two distinct periods in his literary career. The first spans the years 1900-1903, and the second, 1904-1907. Most of his works are short stories, and often have autobiographical inclusions dealing with his own personal life's experiences. In the first period, a realistic style imbued with a strong social consciousness is prevalent in his writings. Two of his works from this period include Be darbo, and Pirmutinis streikas. The political ideology of a socialist nature permeate this period and are reminiscent of the early writings of Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. Possibly as a result of his debilitating illness, which in that time period was inevitably fatal, Biliūnas underwent a spiritual metamorphosis. His political activities and interests were supplanted by a melancholy, and a departure from realism, which were now manifested in his writings of the second period. Brisiaus galas, is a tear-jerking recounting of the demise of a family dog with the thoughts of the dog interspersed with the thoughts of his owner. Ant Uetlibergo giedra is almost a travelog of his perspective of the Swiss Alps near Zürich. Liūdna pasaka is his longest work and is a psychological drama dealing with the Uprising of 1863. In this work the main character, a woman, is driven to ruin as a consequence of the uprising, and her story is told from a psychological vantage point. During the period between 1900 and 1905, Biliūnas wrote approximately fifteen poems, including several sonnets. These sonnets were influenced by his studies of Petrarch. Most critical reviews of his poems are of the opinion that they fall short of his other writings. Biliūnas wrote several articles concerning literary criticism, which are highly regarded and considered to show his depth of perception concerning the subjects he dealt with. Most of Jonas Biliūnas' works were published posthumously, and have been translated in many different languages.
