Jicarilla language
Jicarilla is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Jicarilla Apache.
History
The traditional homelands of the Jicarilla Apache were located in the Northeast and eastern regions of New Mexico. The jicarilla Apache expanded over the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and into the southeast section of Colorado and southwest corner of Kansas. The area supported the Jicarilla Apache with Plains Indian lifestyle. The tribe was divided among in this homeland by two clans: White Clan and Red Clan. The jicarilla Apache went through multiple battles that led them to leave this homeland and was forced to relocate on a reservation in present day Dulce, NM.Language revitalization
680 people reported their language as Jicarilla on the 2000 census. However, Golla reported that there were about 300 first-language speakers and an equal or greater number of semi-speakers ; the census figures therefore presumably include both fluent and semi-speakers. In 2003, the Jicarilla Apache Nation became the first Tribe in New Mexico to certify community members to teach a Native American language. Revitalization efforts have included compilation of a dictionary, classes, and seasonal camps for youth.Phonology
Consonants
Jicarilla has 34 consonants:- What has developed into in Jicarilla corresponds to and in other Southern Athabaskan languages.
Aspirated Stops
Fricatives and Approximants
- and are allophones of //.
- is an allophone of //.
Nasals
- /m/ is never found word-finally and its most frequent position is in prefixes.
- /n/: See section on Syllabic /n/.
Syllabic /n/ in Jicarilla
| Contour | Vowel-/n/ Combination | Gloss | /n/-/n/ Combination | Gloss |
| Low-High | héenkés | 'What time is it?' | Nńde | 'stand up' |
| High-low | Ánł’íí | 'You are doing something, trying' | ńnshé | 'You sheared it' |
| High-high | ’igo’áń | 'hole' | Ha’ńń | 'whoever' |
| Low-low | ‘ágonlaa | 'You made something' | Bił nnzíí'' | 'You got sleepy' |
/n/ may occur between /t/, //, or /n/ and any stem-initial consonant, but when /n/ occurs alone before a stem-initial consonant, it forms a syllable of its own. When preceded by another prefix consonant, /n/ may or may not be judged to form a syllable by native speakers of Jicarilla.
Vowels
Jicarilla has 16 vowels:All vowels may be
- oral or nasal
- short or long
Nasal vowels are indicated by underlining in the Jicarilla orthography.
- There are oral and nasal versions of each vowel, but not all combinations of vowel quality, nasality, and tone are possible.
Tone
High tone is indicated with an acute accent. Low tone is unmarked. Falling tone is indicated by a sequence of acute-accented vowel and an unmarked vowel.
- high tone: tsé , dééh
- low tone: ts’e 'sagebush', jee 'pitch'
- falling tone: zháal , ha’dáonáa
Syllables in Jicarilla
Syllable Structure
Syllables may be constructed as CV, CVC, or CV:C depending on the morphology of a sequence. Onset may be any consonant, but coda consonants are limited to //, /l/, //, //, /h/, /s/and /n/.Syllable Duration
A study of the durational effects of Jicarilla Apache show that morphology and prosody both affect and determine the durational realization of consonants and syllables. It was found that in a recording of a passage read by native speakers stem, suffix, and particle syllables were found to be longer than prefix syllables, but there is not enough a distinction to see difference in duration. Syllables at the end of phrases were lengthened differently from syllables lengthened because of stress; this is in regards to a ratio of onset lengthening to rhyme lengthening. This study was only a beginning to analysis of Apachean language prosody.Morphophonology
The Athabaskan morphophonological process known as the "d-effect" occurs when 1st pl/dual iid- is prefixed to a verb stem. The following examples are taken from Phone, Olson and Martinez 2007: 39:-iid- + classifier →
ex. ‘óoƚkai’ ‘we two count it’
-iid- + stem initial →
ex. hit’aaƚ 'we two chew it’
-iid- + stem initial →
ex. hiihmas ‘we two are rolling’
-iid- + stem initial →
ex. goohndé 'we two shout’
-iid- + stem initial → ,
ex. hiidá ‘we two eat it’
-iid- + stem initial gh →
ex. hiigá ‘we two kill them’
-iid- + stem initial →
ex. naa’iidzii 'we two work’
-iid- + stem initial →
ex. haatƚee ‘we two pull it out with a rope’
-iid- + other consonant → ø
ex. hiiká' ‘we two pound ’
Morphology
The verb template
Sample text
| Abáchii miizaa | English Translation |
| Shíí Rita shíízhii. Lósii’yé shii’deeshchíí shíí á’ee néésai. Shiika’éé na’iizii’íí nahiikéyaa’íí miiná’iisdzo’íí éí yaa shishíí. Shii’máá éí gé koghá’yé sidá nahaa daashishíí. Shiidádéé naakii. Dáłaa’é éí édii. Dáłaa’é éí dá aada’é miigha. Shiishdázha dáłánéé. Ałtso nada’iizii. Łe’ dá á’ee Lósii’ee daamigha. Isgwéela’yé naséyá, éí Lósii’ee naséyá dá áństs’íísédá. Łe’gó Santa Fe’yé dáłaa’é hai shee goslíí á’ee. Łe’gó Ináaso’yé éí kái’ii hai shee goslíí.... | My name is Rita. I was born and grew up in Dulce. My father worked to take care of our land. My mother stayed home and took care of all of us. I had two sisters. One of them is deceased. The other lives far from here. I have many younger sisters. They all work. Some of them live in Dulce. When I was a youngster, I went to school in Dulce. Then I lived for a year in Santa Fe. Later I lived three years in Ignacio.... |
Jicarilla Words of Spanish Origin
The Jicarilla people have been in contact with Spanish-speaking and English-speaking peoples for a long time and have over time adopted loanwords that have influenced Jicarilla phonology. Most of the sounds used to take in a loanword from Spanish are sounds in Jicarilla. Some sounds not occurring in Jicarilla phonology are changed into Jicarilla as follows:- /r/ → /l/ or /lal/ as in "alalóos" ; "goléelo"
- → as in "déełbidi"
- /f/ → /h/ as in "as’dóoha"
*Or /k/ as in "kéesda"
- /gu/ → as in "awóoha"
- /b/ → /p/ as in "báaso"
- → /j/ with nasalization of following corresponding vowel
- Syllable final /l/ turns into in words of Spanish origin in Jicarilla even though /l/ is a possible coda in Jicarilla. See:
"Bołdóon"
"Gołjóon"