The Japanese Alps has a long history before William Gowland established this name. During the 1600s, people tried to discover the river valleys and to map road networks. However, the ridges had never been known and studied. As Kojima Usui later recalled, “in those days,... no one knew even the names of the mountains, much less their locations or elevations. To go mountaineering was literally to strike out into the unknown country.” The first geological survey sheets were issued in 1890. The report mentioned major peaks, but the topography was mostly guesswork. After 1891, Travelers were able to find useful information in Basil Hall Chamberlain and W.B. Mason’s Handbook, but the information was written in English. However, for decades, the Japanese were climbing these mountains without a comparable guidebook. People did physical exploration over a decade in the 1890s. They divided the mountains into depending on how they were conventionally grouped. William Gowland, an English geologist, first thought of this swath of terrain as forming a single coherent landscape, comparable to the European Alps. Gowland's view was further developed by another Englishman and Christian missionary, Walter Weston, who was able “to canonize Gowland's geographical conception, deploying it as a de facto proper noun” William Gowland explored several parts of the ranges in the 1860s, being the first documented foreigner to climb two of the highest peaks in the Alps, Yarigatake and Norikura. Gowland was an archaeologist, and he explored these ranges for archaeological reasons. While William Gowland was the first to explore the ranges, Reverend Walter Weston, a Christian missionary, was the first to document his experiences. Gowland was better known for his work as an archaeologist, and he was an archaeologist before an explorer. About twenty years after Gowland's explorations, Weston explored the ranges himself with Gowland's notes on his explorations. Weston not only explored the same ranges that Gowland previously traversed, but also ascended the O Renge, Jonendake, Kasadake, Hodakayama, and other minor mountains. Weston first documented the two main mountain systems distinguishable by geological structure. The first of these he called the "China system" due to its connection with southeast China from just south of the Japanese archipelago. The second was called the "Karafuto system", due to the fact that it enters Japan from Karafuto to the north and runs southwest. These two were considered to be the first western explorers of the range, and as a result Weston, with the help of Gowland, popularized and documented different parts of the ranges in an incredibly in-depth manner for others to expand on. Japan is known as an island country in East Asia. The Japanese Alps are the largest nonvolcanic mountains located in Central Honshu Island. The volcanic peaks that tower over central Honshu have long been the object of veneration and pilgrimage. A leading proponent of mountain climbing in Japan would refer a decade later to "the majestically towering range that forms the Shinano-Hida border" as "the so-called 'Japanese Alps. Shinano's mountains had long been exploited for raw materials, including timber, fuel, fertilizer, fodder, meat, minerals, and medicines. Most visitors came to the mountain for pilgrimage, especially to the Buddhist temple and the sacred peak of Mount Ontake.
Ranges
Today, the Japanese Alps encompass the Hida Mountains, the Kiso Mountains and the Akaishi Mountains. These towering ranges include several peaks exceeding in height, the tallest after Mount Fuji. The highest are Mount Hotaka at in north area and Mount Kita at in south area. Mount Ontake is well known as an active volcano, having erupted most recently in 2014.
Geographers previously believed that no active glaciers existed in Japan, but the Society of Snow and Ice in Tokyo found this to be false in May 2012. By studying surface flow velocity and snow patches in Mount Tsurugi, they found that certain perennial snow patches have large masses of ice, upwards of 30 meters in thickness. This causes these snow patches to be classified as active glaciers, and as of today there are three active glaciers in the Japanese Alps, and all of Japan.
