James Ware (historian)


Sir James Ware II was an Anglo-Irish historian.

Early life

Born at Castle Street, Dublin, James Ware was the eldest son of Sir James Ware and Mary Bryden, daughter of Ambrose Bryden of Bury St. Edmunds.
Sir James Ware was born in Yorkshire, England on 26 November 1568 and came to Ireland in 1588 as the Secretary to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, FitzWilliam. He was knighted by King James I, was elected M.P. for Mallow in 1613, served as auditor of Trinity College Dublin and assumed the relatively senior position in government as auditor-general for Ireland until his death on 14 May 1632, in which capacity he was succeeded by his son.
James Ware proceeded to Bachelor of Arts in Trinity College on 31 October 1611, and received an education in Latin and Greek. Becoming interested in Irish history, he began assembling a very fine collection of Irish manuscripts, and made transcriptions from works held in other collections including that of his close friend James Ussher, Bishop of Meath. In 1620, he married Elizabeth Newman, daughter of John Newman, one of the six clerks in the Irish Chancery.
During the early 1620s he assisted his father in collating the findings for the royal commission of 1622 which gave a appraisal of the state of affairs in Ireland. Ware's research skills did not go unnoticed. In addition to working as an apprentice for his father he also caught the attention of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork who employed him to examine his family's history, as part of Cork's dynastic ambitions to integrate the Boyles with some of the established families in Ireland. With encouragement from Ussher, Ware returned to Trinity to pursue a postgraduate degree and he obtained his MA in 1628.

Political life (1629-40)

Ware's first break on the political scene was in 1629 when he was commissioned by Lords Justices Cork and Adam Loftus, 1st Viscount Loftus to attend King Charles I in London to discuss the financial crisis facing the Irish government. The success of his visit resulted in his knighthood in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin on 28 February 1630. He inherited the post of auditor general when his father died in 1632.
Following the appointment of Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford as lord deputy of Ireland, Ware's political fortunes continued on an upward curve. He was elected Member of the Irish House of Commons for the University of Dublin in 1634 thanks to Wentworth's endorsement. He accompanied the lord deputy to Connacht as part of the government's attempts to extend its policy regarding plantations of Ireland. His knowledge and ownership of medieval Irish manuscripts was central in this regard, where he brought with him Irish annals to enable Wentworth prove royal claims to land in Connacht. In 1638 he obtained, with Sir Philip Perceval, the monopoly of granting licenses for the sale of ale and brandy., a lucrative deal that was no doubt reward for his efforts in making the Irish administration more efficient. Indeed, Ware was one of the few New English government officials who earned Wentworth's respect. Sure enough, he was given the highest honour in September 1640 when he was elevated to the Irish Privy Council. He was also elected M.P. for the Irish parliament of 1640-1 where he managed to escape the attention of vengeful parliamentarians intent of impeaching Wentworth's close associates, which included John Bramhall, bishop of Derry, Sir George Radcliffe, Lord Chancellor Richard Bolton and Gerard Lowther, Chief Justice of Common Pleas.
Assessing Ware's political conduct under the dichotomous governments of Lords Justice Loftus and Cork and Lord Deputy Wentworth is not necessarily straightforward. But ultimately he was a royalist in the truest sense in that he did not necessarily share the same political views, or at least approve of Wentworth's style of governing, but he was prepared to follow instructions if it meant benefiting the king's interest in Ireland.

The Crisis of the 1640s and Exile

Ware remained firm to the royalist cause during the Irish Confederate Wars, which were part of the conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, consuming much of Ireland and Britain during the 1640s. He was a strong supporter of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde. In 1644 he was sent to Oxford to advise Charles I of developments in Ireland. On his free time he studied in the Bodleian Library and was awarded a doctor of civil law from Oxford University in recognition of his scholarly achievements. Upon his return to Ireland in January 1646 he was captured by parliamentary forces and imprisonment in the Tower of London until October 1646. Following his release he returned to Dublin, only to be taken prisoner and hostage on the city's surrender to Colonel Michael Jones in June 1647.
He was expelled in 1649 on account of his royalist sympathies and the threat he posed to the Cromwellian regime in Ireland. He departed Ireland in April 1649 staying primarily at the Protestant stronghold of Caen where Ormonde's influential wife, Elizabeth Butler, and was living with her family. In October 1650 Ware obtained a licence to move to London, thanks to the intervention of Ussher, on condition that he refrained from engaging in political life. He would stay in the English capital until at least 1658.

Restoration

The restoration of Charles II saw Ware resume his position as auditor general which had been stripped from him by the Cromwellian regime. He was re-elected as M.P. representing the University of Dublin at the Irish parliament of 1661-6 and continued to be an active member of the privy council. More significantly, he was appointed one of the commissioners for the Irish land settlement - a lucrative position and reward for his unwavering loyalty to the Crown and Ormond during the 1640s. He remained on close terms with the duke, who frequently visited him for consultations at his home in Castle Street.

Scholarly Research, 1626-39

Ecclesiastical Works
Ware's first book, published in 1626, was Archiepiscoporum Cassiliensium & Tuamensium Vitae, an impressive introduction into historical research which traced the archbishop of Cashel and Tuam from the twelfth to seventeenth century. To this, he appended a catalogue of the Cistercian abbeys in Ireland that had been founded between 1139 and 1260. This was followed by De Praesulibus Lageniae in 1628. A well informed and more detailed study, Ware's analysis of the bishops of Leinster included a thorough analysis of the prelates of Dublin, Kildare, Ferns, Leighlin, and Ossory. The episcopal catalogues were a remarkable achievement not only because they shed important light on Ireland's rich history but also because he fused Irish medieval manuscripts and state records to produce a reliable and detailed work. Among the notable sources he consulted for his work on the Leinster bishops included the Annals of Ulster, Annals of Connacht, Annals of John Clyn and Red Book of Ossory.
Secular Works
In 1633 he published one of his most famous works: The Historie of Ireland, collected by three learned authors. This included Edmund Campion's 'Historie of Ireland', Meredith Hanmer's 'Chronicle of Ireland' and, notably, the controversial tract by Edmund Spenser, 'A View of the State of Ireland'. Contrary to what the title claimed, Ware also included the short work of the fifteenth-century chronicler, Henry Marlborough, whose 'Chronicle of Ireland' began at 1285 and thus suitably complemented Hanmer's work which ended in 1284. The work has received widespread attention from Irish historians for Ware's subtle editing of Spenser's political writings as well as its dedication to Lord Deputy Wentworth. His attempts to tone the text down was, as he admitted, an attempt to reflect the more peaceful times of the 1630s. At the same time it is hard to see the inclusion of the 'View' as nothing more than a reflection of political and colonial ambitions of the new government under Wentworth.
Ware's fourth work was arguably his best to date. De Scriptoribus Hiberniae, published in Dublin in 1639, was an exhaustive account of the writers of Ireland from the fourth to seventeenth century. It was divided into two books: the first considered Irish authors while the second provided information on 'foreign' writers commenting on Ireland. Rich in source material, one of the most striking features was Ware's ability to interconnect medieval Irish manuscripts with European printed works. The turmoil of the civil war in the 1640s, and his senior role under the government of James Butler meant it was to be his last published work for fifteen years.

Return to scholarship

Ware's first new book since the 1630s was De Hibernia et Antiquitatibus eius Disquisitones, published in London in 1654, and in a second edition in 1658. This was followed in 1656 by Opuscula Sancto Patricio Adscripta.
The year 1664 saw the publication of Venerabilis Bedae Epistolae Duae and Rerum Hibernicarum Annales ab Anno Domini 1485 ad Annum 1558. In the following year, which saw the publication of De Praesulibus Hiberniae Commentarius, he began a brief though fruitful collaboration with Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh. It was later stated that "He always kept in his House an Irish Amanuensis to interpret and translate the Language for him, and at the Time of his Death one Dubley Firbisse served him in that Office."

Family and death

Ware had ten children by Elizabeth Newman, including James, Roger, Mary, Rose, Elizabeth, John, Ann, Arthur, Robert, and Joseph. Mary married Sir Edward Crofton, 1st Baronet in 1647, he being a nephew of Thomas Crofton of Longford, Tireagh, Co. Sligo. A first cousin of Thomas Crofton of Longford was Catherine Crofton, daughter of John Crofton of Lisdorne, Co. Roscommon; Catherine was married to Reverend Joseph Ware, Dean of Elphin, a younger brother of Sir James. Ware's eldest son, James Ware, had one daughter Mary who married firstly Alexander Fraser and secondly Sir John St Leger, Baron of the Court of Exchequer : she was described as a lady of great wealth and "questionable virtue".
Ware's manuscripts were inherited by his son Robert. He sold them to Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon in 1686 who then passed them on to James Brydges, Duke of Chandos. Repeated attempts were made to purchase Ware's prized manuscripts, notably by Archbishop William King of Dublin and the famous satirist Jonathan Swift, Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral Dublin. However, they were unsuccessful. Ware's manuscripts eventually ended up in the Bodleian Library and British Library.
Robert Ware republished some of his father's works but gained notoriety for adding forgeries to them to support Protestant polemicism. as did the husband of his great-granddaughter Mary, Walter Harris, the first serious historian of Dublin.
Ware died on Saturday 1 December 1666, aged seventy-two. He was buried in St Werburgh's Church, Dublin.