Italian electoral law of 1993


The Italian electoral law of 1993 was a reform of the electoral laws of Italy, passed on 4 August 1993. The nickname, conceived by Giovanni Sartori, derived from its author Sergio Mattarella. The law was also nicknamed Minotaur, for being a combination of two different parts.
The law replaced the proportional representation used in Italy since 1946, just after the end of the Second World War. It was replaced in 2005 by another law named after Roberto Calderoli.

History

The Mattarella law was technically the accidental result of the combination of different historic events. After WW2, PR was restored for the election of the Chamber of Deputies as it was before the fascist era. The Senate instead was at its first democratic election, so a FPTP was proposed, but the supermajority clause, which was introduced to win a direct mandate, vanished that aim, and the generality of the Senate seats was itself assigned by PR. Constituencies for the Senate effectively were a ”pro forma” in this mechanism of localized lists, so they were not changed when in 1963 a constitutional reform expanded the Parliament with a 33% more seats.
In the early 1990s, the Italian political system was largely discredited, and PR was seen as a font of corruption. A group of reformers, led by Mario Segni, launched the idea of a referendum. However, according to the Italian constitution, referendums in Italy cannot be propositional, but they can only abolish a part of a law, so the reformers could only ask to abolish the supermajority clause for the Senate. The 1993 Italian referendum was a large success, transforming the Senate electoral law into a FPTP, but after 1963, there were less constituencies than seats in the Senate, one fourth less of the total needed, so those seats had to be filled by PR amongst the losers of the FPTP races. To ensure government stability, the law of the Chamber of Deputies had to be changed in a similar way, and a parallel voting of 3/4 of FPTP and 1/4 of PR was introduced by the Matterellum.