International Ocean Discovery Program


The International Ocean Discovery Program is an international marine research collaboration dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of the Earth through drilling, coring, and monitoring the subseafloor. The research enabled by IODP samples and data improves scientific understanding of changing climate and ocean conditions, the origins of ancient life, risks posed by geohazards, and the structure and processes of Earth's tectonic plates and uppermost mantle. IODP began in 2013 and builds on the research of four previous scientific ocean drilling programs: Project Mohole, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. Together, these programs represent the longest running and most successful international Earth science collaboration.

Scientific scope

The scientific scope of IODP is laid out in the program's science plan, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future. The science plan covers a 10-year period of operations and consists of a list of scientific challenges that are organized into four themes called Climate and Ocean Change, Biosphere Frontiers, Earth Connections, and Earth in Motion. The science plan was developed by the international scientific community to identify the highest priority science for the program.

IODP funding and operations

IODP uses multiple drilling platforms to access different subseafloor environments during research expeditions. These facilities are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and the , alongside the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, , , India Ministry of Earth Science, and Brazil's Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel. Together, these entities represent a coalition of over two dozen countries. The IODP funding model differs from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program in that NSF, MEXT, and ECORD each manage their own drilling platform. International partners directly contribute to the operating costs of the drilling platforms in exchange for scientific participation on the expeditions and seats on the advisory panels.
IODP expeditions are based on research proposals submitted by scientists that address the objectives described in the program's science plan. Advisory panels of international experts then rigorously evaluate the proposal for science quality, feasibility, safety, and any environmental issues. Proposals that are determined to be of high quality are forwarded to the appropriate facility board for scheduling.
IODP publishes a detailed account of findings and makes all samples and cores freely available. IODP's open data policy assures global access to the information collected by the program, and it allows scientists to use data from multiple expeditions to investigate new hypotheses.
Cores collected during expeditions are stored at the IODP core repositories in Bremen, Germany, College Station, Texas, and Kochi, Japan. Scientists may visit any one of the facilities for onsite research or request a loan for teaching purposes/analysis. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.

Outcomes

IODP expeditions have investigated a wide range of Earth science topics, including past climate and ocean conditions, monsoon systems, seismogenic zones, the formation of continental crust and ocean basins, major extinction events, the role of serpentinization in driving hydrothermal systems, and the temperature limits of life in the deep biosphere.
An early outcome of the program harkens back to the original motivation for scientific ocean drilling with Project Mohole – drilling and sampling across the Mohorovičić discontinuity and into the upper part of Earth's mantle. Expedition 360 was the initial part a multiphase project whose goal, among others, is to directly sample the mantle for the first time. The expedition took place near the Southwest Indian Ridge at a location where the crust is particularly thin due to the formation of an oceanic core complex. Expedition 360 completed 790 meters of drilling and IODP plans to return to the site in the coming years to continue the research.
Expedition 364 sampled the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater, which is buried offshore near the Yucatán Peninsula. Chicxulub is the only well-preserved crater on Earth with a peak ring and was formed when an asteroid slammed into the planet 66 million years ago, killing off dinosaurs and most life on the planet. Analysis of the collected samples and data shows that the asteroid's impact caused rocks from deep in the Earth to shoot up and form the large mountains of the peak ring in a matter of minutes. The sediments overlying the peak ring also provide a record of how life returned to the area after the mass extinction event.
In addition to studying how the Earth moves in response to impact events, IODP also studies the processes that cause earthquakes. For example, Expedition 362 brought new insight to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami through the sampling and analysis of sediments and rocks from the oceanic plate that feeds the Sumatra subduction zone. The science team discovered that the sediment's minerals dehydrated before reaching the subduction zone, resulting in a strong fault that allowed for a larger than previously expected earthquake to occur.
IODP's early climate studies focused on efforts to understand the Asian monsoon system. Expeditions 353, 354, 355, and 359 collected sediments from the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the Arabian Sea. These sediments were eroded from the land and primarily carried by rivers to the ocean, where some of the sediments have laid buried for millions of years. By analyzing the chemical and physical properties of the sediments, scientists are learning about the evolution of mountain growth, monsoonal precipitation, weathering and erosion, and climate across the region and across multiple time scales. For example, one such study discovered that the monsoonal winds that drive the region's climate began suddenly 12.9 million years ago.
Scientific studies from subseafloor instruments and IODP's core archives, which contain samples from this and previous ocean drilling programs, are also yielding insights into the Earth's climate and tectonic history. A study examining samples collected from around the world concluded that the rate of carbon release today is 10 times greater than during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum or anytime during the past 66 million years. And, measurements taken in the Nankai Trough near Japan show that slow slip earthquakes are releasing about 50% of the subduction zone's energy, which has implications for understanding tsunami hazards.

Expeditions

NumberExpedition NameStart DateEnd Date
Exp. 358NanTroSEIZE: Riser Hole at C0002TBDTBD
Exp. 369Australia Cretaceous Climate and TectonicsSeptember 26, 2017November 26, 2017
Exp. 371Tasman Frontier Subduction Initiation and PaleogeneJuly 27, 2017September 26, 2017
Exp. 372Creeping Gas Hydrate Slides and Hikurangi LWDNovember 26, 2017January 4, 2018
Exp. 373Antarctic Cenozoic PaleoclimateTBDTBD
Exp. 374Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet HistoryJanuary 4, 2018March 8, 2018
Exp. 375Hikurangi Subduction Margin ObservatoryMarch 8, 2018May 5, 2018
Exp. 376Brothers Arc FluxMay 5, 2018July 5, 2018
Exp. 377Arctic Ocean PaleoceanographyTBDTBD
Exp. 378South Pacific Paleogene ClimateOctober 14, 2018December 14, 2018
Exp. 379Amundsen Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet HistoryJanuary 18, 2019March 20, 2019
Exp. 380NanTroSEIZE: Frontal Thrust Borehole Monitoring SystemJanuary 12, 2018February 24, 2018
Exp. 381Corinth Active Rift DevelopmentOctober 2017December 2017
Exp. 382Iceberg Alley Paleoceanography and South Falkland Slope DriftMarch 2019May 2019
Exp. 383Dynamics of Pacific Antarctic Circumpolar CurrentMay 2019July 2019
Exp. 384Panama Basin Crustal Architecture and Engineering TestingJuly 2019September 2019
Exp. 385Guaymas Basin Tectonics and BiosphereSeptember 2019November 2019
Exp. 386Gulf of Mexico Methane HydrateJanuary 2020March 2020
Exp. 387South Atlantic ExpeditionMarch 2020May 2020