In finance, an interest ratederivative is a derivative whose payments are determined through calculation techniques where the underlying benchmark product is an interest rate, or set of different interest rates. There are a multitude of different interest rate indices that can be used in this definition. IRDs are popular with all financial market participants given the need for almost any area of finance to either hedge or speculate on the movement of interest rates.
Types
The most basic subclassification of interest rate derivatives is to define linear and non-linear. Further classification of the above is then made to define vanilla IRDs and exotic IRDs; see exotic derivative.
Linear and non-linear
Linear IRDs are those whose net present values are overwhelmingly dictated by and undergo changes approximately proportional to the one-to-one movement of the underlying interest rate index. Examples of linear IRDs are; interest rate swaps, forward rate agreements, zero coupon swaps, cross-currency basis swaps and single currency basis swaps. Non-linear IRDs form the set of remaining products. Those whose PVs are commonly dictated by more than the one-to-one movement of the underlying interest rate index. Examples of non-linear IRDs are; swaptions, interest rate caps and floors and constant maturity swaps. These products' PVs are reliant upon volatility so their pricing is often more complex as is the nature of their risk management.
Vanilla and exotic
The categorisation of linear and non-linear and vanilla and exotic is not universally acknowledged and a number of products might exist that can be arguably assigned to different categories. These terms may also overlap. "Vanilla", in "vanilla IRSs" and "vanilla swaptions", is often taken to mean the basic, most liquid and commonly traded variants of those products. Exotic is usually used to define a feature that is an extension to an IRD type. For example, an in-arrears IRS is a genuine example of an exotic IRS, whereas an IRS whose structure was the same as vanilla but whose start and end dates might be unconventional, would not generally be classed as exotic. Typically this would be referred to as a bespoke IRS. Bermudan swaptions are examples of swaption extensions that qualify as exotic variants. Other products that are generally classed as exotics are;power reverse dual currency note, target redemption note, CMS steepener , Snowball, Inverse floater, Strips of Collateralized mortgage obligation, Ratchet caps and floors, and Cross currency swaptions.
