The neuromuscular symptoms of hypocalcemia are caused by a positive bathmotropic effect due to the decreased interaction of calcium with sodium channels. Since calcium blocks sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers, reduced calcium lowers the threshold for depolarization. The symptoms can be recalled by the mnemonic "CATs go numb" - convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, and numbness in the hands and feet and around the mouth.
Causes
is a common cause of hypocalcemia. Calcium is tightly regulated by the parathyroid hormone. In response to low calcium levels, PTH levels rise, and conversely if there are high calcium levels then PTH secretion declines. However, in the setting of absent, decreased, or ineffective PTH hormone, the body loses this regulatory function, and hypocalcemia ensues. Hypoparathyroidism is commonly due to surgical destruction of the parathyroid glands. Hypoparathyroidism may also be due to autoimmune problem. Some causes of hypocalcaemia are as follows:
Mechanism
Physiologically, blood calcium is tightly regulated within a narrow range for propercellular processes. Calcium in the blood exists in three primary states: bound to proteins, bound to anions such as phosphate and citrate, and as free ionized calcium; all of these forms are ionised. Only the unbound calcium is physiologically active. Normal blood calcium level is between 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL and that of unbound calcium is 4.65 to 5.25 mg/dL.
Diagnosis
Because a significant portion of calcium is bound to albumin, any alteration in the level of albumin will affect the measured level of calcium. A corrected calcium level based on the albumin level is: Corrected calcium = measured total Ca + 0.8 *. Since calcium is also bound to small anions, it may be more useful to correct total calcium for both albumin and the anion gap.
Management
Management of this condition includes:
Intravenouscalcium gluconate 10% can be administered, or if the hypocalcaemia is severe, calcium chloride is given instead. This is only appropriate if the hypocalcemia is acute and has occurred over a relatively short time frame. But if the hypocalcemia has been severe and chronic, then this regimen can be fatal, because there is a degree of acclimatization that occurs. The neuromuscular excitability, cardiac electrical instability, and associated symptoms are then not cured or relieved by prompt administration of corrective doses of calcium, but rather exacerbated. Such rapid administration of calcium would result in effective over correction – symptoms of hypercalcemia would follow.
However, in either circumstance, maintenance doses of both calcium and vitamin-D are often necessary to prevent further decline
