Hua Hill
Hua Hill is a solitary cone-shaped hill in the lower Yellow River valley, located at the northeastern edge of the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, China. The hill is known for its cultural and historical significance as well as for its natural environment. It has been an inspiration for Chinese artists for many centuries and was the site of the Battle of An, a major battle fought during the Spring and Autumn period.
Name
The name Huà Shān is sometimes spoken as Huá Shān and can be translated literally as "Flowery Hill" or "Splendid Hill". The first character of the name has long been used as a literary rather than political synonym for China itself. The second character of the name is used for mountains and hills, irrespective of their size. The name Huà Shān as well as the near homophone Huā Shān are both common names in Chinese geography. In particular, Hua Hill is not to be confused with Mount Hua in Shaanxi Province. Hua Hill is also known as Hua Fu Zhu Hill.Hill
Hua Hill is one of the "Nine Solitary Hills" in the Yellow River valley within and to the north of Jinan City; the other eight hillsare : Woniu Hill
, Que Hill, Biao Hill
, Fenghuang Hill
, Northern Maan Hill, Su Hill
, Kuang Hill, and Yao Hill.
The hill has an elevation of 197 meters above sea level; its slopes are covered with large smooth rocks and bushy vegetation growing in the clefts between them. The foot of the hill is flanked by small villages on the eastern and western side. To the east and south,
the hill is also surrounded by a crescent-shaped row of ponds. A flight of stone stairs has been laid up the southern flank of the hill to the summit.
In the times before the Northern Song Dynasty, Hua Hill was surrounded by a lake known as the "Magpie Hill Lake", named for the nearby Magpie Hill. Since Hua Hill appeared to float on the waters of the lake like the bud of a lotus flower to contemporary observers, it was given its alternative name "Hua Fu
Zhu Shan".
Historical significance
In the year 589 BC, during the Spring and Autumn period, Hua Hill became the site of the final action in the Battle of An which was fought between the states of Qi and Jin. During the preparation for the battle, the Qi army used the Northern Maan Hill as a staging area. The Jin army had its positions right at Hua Hill. The Qi army started the battle by attacking the Jin positions on Hua Hill, but the battle ended in a victory for the State of Jin. Eventually an alliance was formed between the two states.During part of the 20th century, a small fortified army base was located at the hill. Although the base has been abandoned, some fortifications in the form of bunkers and tunnels at the foot of the hill remain.
Cultural significance
The natural environment of Hua Hill has inspired the works of a number of writers and painters.During the period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the writer and geographer Li Daoyuan, described Hua Hill in his "Commentary on the Waterways Classic" : "Without a mountain range to support it, the peak alone stands gracefully and loftily. Its
verdant cliff rises into the blue, tinting the moon with its green."
.
The Tang-Dynasty poet Li Bai wrote about Hua Hill:
The best known pictorial depiction of Hua Hill is a painting from
the Yuan-Dynasty era entitled "Autumn Colors at Que and Hua Hills" by the painter and calligrapher
Zhao Mengfu.
In the text accompanying his painting, Zhao Mengfu revers to Hua Hill as "the most famous
mountain in the area, having been known from antiquity and unique for its sharp peak".
Various rock faces on the mountain slope have been adorned with
calligraphic inscriptions.
Temples
The Huayang Palace is a primarily Taoist temple located at the southernfoot of the hill on gently sloping terrain. Its founding during the
Jin dynasty is attributed to Chen Zhiyuan, a
disciple of the Quanzhen Taoist Qiu Chuji, who in turn was the
foremost disciple of Wang Chongyang, the founder of Quanzhen
Taoism. The original purpose of the building was to serve as a
Taoist temple dedicated to the "Five Color Gods" representing east, west
, north,
south, and center. Over time, the temple has also come to include sites of
worship for Buddhism and Confucianism.
In 1532, during the Ming Dynasty, the palace complex was renamed
into Chong Zheng Temple. The central hall of the
complex was dedicated to two persons worshipped at the time, Feng Chou
Fu and Min Ziqian.
The two side halls were dedicated to groups of 19
and 22 people famous in the period, respectively.
Later in the Ming Dynasty, the name of the complex was changed back to
Huayang Palace and dedicated to the God of the Four Seasons
.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,
temples dedicated to the god Bi Xia and the three gods of heaven, earth, and water
were added. Part of the Huayang Palace is
the Taishan Resting Palace, it was
used by the emperor as a resting place on his way to Mount Tai.
The grounds of Huayang Palace cover a rectangular area of
approximately 3 hectares, which is completely enclosed by a
stone-and-brick wall. Between the temple buildings stand old pine
trees as well as stone stelas.
In the 20th century, the Huayang Palace was used as a military storage
facility for about 50 years. It was reopened to the public in
1990. The books kept in the palace were destroyed during the
Cultural Revolution. Some wall paintings in the temple buildings
were also plastered over and covered with slogans of the Cultural
Revolution during this time.
The present-day entrance to the complex is the gate to the inner
courtyard of the palace; the outer courtyard has not been
preserved. The gate currently standing dates back to the Ming and Qing
Dynasties; there is no record about the previous gates which are
likely to have previously occupied its place. The gate building houses
the statues of the "Four Zhi Gong Cao", four minor deities that are thought to be positioned on the border between heaven
and earth in order to fulfill book- and gate keeping duties.
Further up on the slope of the mountain lies the smaller
Daoist Lü Dongbin Temple,
dedicated to Lü Dongbin, one of the Eight Immortals.
Hua Spring
A spring, the Hua Spring, is located at thesouthern foot of the hill in front of the entrance to the Huayang
Palace. The Hua Spring mentioned in the traditions about the
events at the Battle of An: The King of Qi is said to have used the
pretense of fetching water from the Hua Spring as an excuse for
fleeing the battle field in the face of imminent defeat. Over time,
the spring has fallen dry various times. Its most recent revival was
undertaken during a renovation in the year 2000. During this work, a
pool with an area of 17.6 meters times 10 meters and depth
of 3.5 meters was excavated, bringing the outflow from the spring
up to a maximum of 40 cubic meters per hour.