Housing in Glasgow


, the largest city in Scotland
, has several distinct styles of residential buildings, and since its population began to grow rapidly the 18th century has been at the forefront of some large-scale projects to deal with its housing issues, some of which have been assessed as being largely successful and others less so.

Overview

The city is known for its tenements. These were the most popular form of housing in 19th- and 20th-century Glasgow and remain the most common form of dwelling in Glasgow today. Tenements are commonly bought by a wide range of social types and are favoured for their large rooms, high ceilings and original period features. The Hyndland area of Glasgow is the only tenement conservation area in the UK and includes some tenement houses with as many as six bedrooms.
Like many cities in the UK, Glasgow witnessed the construction of high-rise housing in tower blocks in the 1960s. These were built to replace the decaying tenement buildings originally constructed in the 1800s for workers who migrated from the surrounding countryside, the Scottish Highlands, the rest of the United Kingdom, particularly Ireland, and further afield to smaller degrees, in order to feed the local demand for labour during the Industrial Revolution which saw the city's population and importance increase rapidly to the extent that it became the 'second city of the Empire'. The massive demand outstripped new building and many, originally fine, tenements often became overcrowded and unsanitary. Parts of inner city areas like Anderston, Cowcaddens, the Garngad, Townhead and particularly the Gorbals, as well as parts of the industrialised East End deteriorated into slums in which disease thrived. Efforts to improve this housing situation, most successfully with the City Improvement Trust, cleared the slums of the old town. Between the two World Wars, the area of Glasgow doubled in size.
Subsequent urban renewal initiatives following World War II, such as those motivated by the Bruce Report, and the Abercrombie Plan, entailed the demolition of slum tenement areas, the development of new towns, the building of overspill estates on the periphery of the city, and the construction of tower blocks. Several districts of the city were designated 'Comprehensive Development Areas' with the intention to raze them and rebuild from scratch with entire communities dispersed. Although the new town option was accepted, with places such as East Kilbride and Cumbernauld being established, the need for thousands of new homes was becoming ever more pressing - almost half of the dwellings in the city had been judged as overcrowded in the 1951 census while in 1957, 97% of housing in the Gorbals was still described as 'unsatisfactory sanitorially' - and with the Glasgow Corporation keen for as many citizens to remain as taxpayers within their boundaries as possible despite limited space and funds available, the overspill and tower proposals were eagerly pursued, in contrast with the trend of lower-density housing which had been preferred prior to the war following the garden suburb model including a large proportion of cottage flats or 'four-in-a-block' housing with separate front doors built by just a few firms, which were well-received and have largely survived to the present day, but were considered to take too long to build and use too much land in comparison with the urgent need to replace so much of the inner city.
The four main peripheral developments grew to become among the largest in Europe, while other smaller but substantial neighbourhoods were also constructed, largely consisting of tenement-style housing of three or four storeys. The city's initial multi-storey residential experiments in the 1950s at Crathie Court, Moss Heights and Prospecthill were largely successful but their scale of only 10 floors did not address the availability issue sufficiently, and in the next decade the number of towers commissioned by Glasgow and the height of the structures, including ambitious projects in Dalmarnock, Hutchesontown, Kennishead, Pollokshaws, Red Road, Scotstounhill, Sighthill Woodside and Wyndford, was also one of the highest across the continent.
While the facilities in dwellings in the towers and the modern tenements were an improvement on the slum housing, the large 'schemes' lacked basic amenities and employment opportunities, were poorly designed and cheaply built, soon leading to issues such as damp which caused health problems; this was also the case with the majority of the tower blocks, many of which were surrounded by low-rise housing on a common design theme from idealised plans which seldom matched reality - in some cases, existing amenities in older districts had been swept away to provide space for the modern 'upgrades', which sometimes never materialised or were inadequate. Many residents struggled with the lack of provision made for child welfare and social needs such as hairdressing and clothing shops, there were also issues arising from the lack of help given to older members of the community in adjusting to the new buildings and amenities. Some first generation 'emigrees' chose to return to their old neighbourhoods to socialise whenever possible, creating a strange situation where otherwise desolate environments such as post-demolition Gorbals retained thriving public houses on isolated corners, with their clientele having stayed loyal despite moving several miles away to estates with no such establishments. The condition of the schemes and the towers was not helped by the decline of the city's traditional industries in the same period, with breadwinners finding themselves out of work and their families isolated on the edge of town or fifteen floors up in a city with low levels of car ownership, contributing to an increase in antisocial behavior like gang fighting and vandalism, and the abuse of alcohol and drugs, all of which earned many parts of Glasgow a generalised reputation as hotbeds of violence and deprivation which should be avoided, in effect new slums in place of those they had been intended to replace just a few decades earlier.
As demonstrated elsewhere in the UK, the tower blocks gradually deteriorated, attracting crime and fostering a reputation for being undesirable low cost housing. The cost of maintenance was far higher than anticipated, and by the 1990s demolition was becoming the preferred solution over repair and renovation. While some of the initial tenants were happy living in the towers and chose to stay, the low desirability of the accommodation meant that those who were dissatisfied and moved out were typically replaced by 'problem' tenants with little other option whose lifestyles led to the issues worsening, more original tenants left and the downward cycle continued until some of the blocks were almost empty.
The policy of tenement demolition is now considered to have been short-sighted, wasteful and largely unsuccessful. Many of Glasgow's worst tenements in areas such as Govan and Springburn were refurbished into desirable accommodation in the 1970s and 1980s and the policy of demolition is considered to have destroyed many fine examples of a "universally admired architectural style", although this traditional style survives in many districts including Battlefield, Cathcart, Crosshill, Cessnock, Dennistoun, East Pollokshields, Finnieston, Govanhill, Hillhead, Hyndland, Linthouse, Partick, Possilpark, Shawlands, Shettleston, Woodlands, Yoker and Yorkhill. They have outlasted the vast majority of the inter-war rehousing grade blocks intended to replace them, with developments at Barrowfield, Blackhill, the Calton, Cowlairs, Hamiltonhill, Lilybank, 'Maryhill Valley', Moorepark Oatlands and Teucharhill having to be rebuilt from scratch by the 2010s.
The Glasgow Housing Association took ownership of the housing stock from the city council on 7 March 2003, and began a £96 million programme to clear and demolish many of the high-rise flats and refurbish others; such programmes had already been implemented in most of the peripheral schemes, with some refurbishment and some replacement of tenements with individual houses, and this work also continued under the GHA and local housing co-operatives.

Glasgow tower blocks

The map and list concentrates on towers of at least 12 storeys in height built between the late 1950s and early 1970s within Glasgow. Also includes early 10-storey developments at Moss Heights and Toryglen due to their importance in the uptake of the method, but does not include numerous similar developments outside the city boundaries nor modern residential developments, nor contemporary buildings with other uses.

List of developments

DevelopmentNeighbourhoodCoordinatesRefs.
Glasgow totalN/AN/A211N/A25330N/ASome81N/A13013416
Blythswood CourtAnderston3473361967All0N/A3336
St Vincent TerraceAnderston2521761967Some12013148
Anniesland CourtAnniesland1661261966All0N/A1126
Keal DriveBlairdardie4413061960All0N/A4306
Ruby StreetBridgeton3442521967All0N/A3252
Broomhill DriveBroomhill5495101963All0N/A5510
Moss HeightsHalfway3282191950All0N/A3219
Queensland DriveCardonald2582281965All0N/A2228
Tarfside OvalCardonald4633961962-4201500
Bogany TerraceCastlemilk1611141966-1199300
Dougrie PlaceCastlemilk3582311960All0N/A3231
MitchellhillCastlemilk5585701963-5200500
DundasvaleCowcaddens3694111968All0N/A3411
CranhillCranhill3523061963All0N/A3306
SummerfieldDalmarnock4685281962-42002,
2007		00
LinkwoodDrumchapel3683481962Some120162216
DrumoyneDrumoyne2411121960All0N/A2112
DrygateDuke Street3442461961All0N/A3246
DumbreckDumbreck2631981968All0N/A2198
Bluevale & WhitevaleGallowgate2903481963-2201500
GermistonGermiston3523061967-31992,
2008,
2011		00
Hutchie B / RiversideHutchesontown4523081958All0N/A4308
Hutchie C / Queen Elizabeth SquareHutchesontown2584001960-2199300
Hutchie D / Caledonia RoadHutchesontown2695521963Some220062276
Hutchie E / SandiefieldGorbals2693841968-2201300
Norfolk CourtLaurieston46911041970-42008,
2010,
2016		00
Iona CourtGovan3583421967-3201300
Berryknowes AvenueHalfway1581341974All0N/A1134
Broomloan CourtREFIbrox3612851963-3201000
IbroxholmIbrox3632971962Some22012199
KennisheadKennishead5666601965Some220163396
Kirkton AvenueKnightswood5696901965All0N/A5690
Lincoln AvenueKnightswood6586841962Some220144456
Collina StreetMaryhill1551131974All0N/A1113
Glenavon RoadMaryhill3613601960All0N/A3360
Glenfinnan RoadWyndford5442801961All0N/A5280
Wyndford RoadWyndford4746001964All0N/A4600
Castlebay DriveMilton3492881966All0N/A3288
Scaraway DriveMilton3492881966All0N/A3288
CathkinviewMount Florida2582281965All0N/A2228
Cleeves RoadNitshill138481967All0N/A148
HelenvaleParkhead3442521967All0N/A3252
CartcraigsPollokshaws1491341969All0N/A1134
ShawbridgePollokshaws9668091961,
1962,
1964,
1968		-92008,
2009,
2011,
2014		00
ShawhillPollokshaws4634541966All0N/A4454
Wester Common RoadPossilpark4554521967All0N/A4452
Red RoadBalornock88913261962-82012,
2013,
2015		00
Charles StreetRoyston5585791959,
1969		All0N/A5579
Rosemount StreetRoyston4725721966,
1970		-41992,
2013,
2016		00
SandyhillsSandyhills4665281964All0N/A4528
Kingsway CourtScotstoun6586841962Some220134456
Plean StreetYoker2582281964-2201000
FountainwellSighthill55811401963-52008,
2009		00
PinkstonSighthill55811401964,
1967		-52013,
2014,
2016		00
BalgrayhillSpringburn4743921964All0N/A4392
Carron StreetSpringburn4442241961All0N/A4224
SpringburnSpringburn2742001966All0N/A2200
Prospecthill CircusToryglen3664681963-32007,
2016		00
Prospecthill CrescentToryglen6442321955,
1960		All0N/A6232
TownheadTownhead4727681967All0N/A4768
Curle StreetWhiteinch1611201971All0N/A1120
Cedar StreetWoodside3663151964All0N/A3315