House of Sallust


The House of Sallust is a domus or elite residence in the ancient Roman city of Pompeii. The oldest parts of the house have been dated to the 4th century BCE, but the main expansions were built in the 2nd century BCE during the Roman period. The long history of this structure provides important evidence about the development of elite residences in Pompeii. The house is located on the east side of the Via Consolare. It received its modern name from an election notice placed on the facade, recommending Gaius Sallustius for office. An alternative name is the House of A. Cossus Libanus, from a seal found in the ruins. The site was later damaged by a bomb in World War II, and was restored in 1970.
The house was first excavated between 1805 and 1809 followed by the reproduction of its extensive artworks by artists until 1817, a turbulent period of great political changes for Naples. Since archaeologists at Pompeii were subsidized by the government, this meant funds available for excavation shifted radically with each change of authority. In January 1799, with Napoleon's troops already stationed in Naples, a rebellion led by progressive aristocrats expelled King Ferdinand and established a republic for a few months. Then this newly established but poorly funded republic was overthrown by conservative forces who reinstated the king. In 1806, right in the midst of excavations of the house, Napoleon drove away King Ferdinand and imposed his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as king until 1808, when Napoleon ordered the crown passed to his brother-in-law, Joaquim Murat. Murat’s consort, Napoleon’s younger sister, Caroline Bonaparte, invested her own funds into excavations, engaging six hundred workmen to continue the task. But, In June 1815, King Ferdinand returned again, now as King of the Two Sicilies, and sent Murat before a firing squad in September of that year. The archaeologists' funding dwindled drastically as the restored monarch cut the number of excavators at work in Pompeii from three hundred to a mere thirteen.

History

The House of Sallust was among some of the most sumptuous dwellings found in Regio VI in the northwest part of Pompeii and was among the first to be uncovered and plundered during the explorations of the 18th century. The earliest work on the House of Sallust was directed by Francesco La Vega and then his brother Pietro who clearly demonstrated how archaeology during this early period was performed at the bequest and for the benefit of the aristocracy. Queen Maria Caroline of Bourbon, a sponsor and spectator of the excavations of the house, received particularly artistic finds as gifts and work would cease in a room once the finds were stripped. When the house was considered fully cleared in 1809, work turned to reproducing the remains and surviving frescoes with paintings and drawings.
The house was originally a single symmetrical atrium house decorated in the Pompeian First Style from the Samnite Period, and was made of tufa blocks. The axially-aligned structure featured a central fauces, set between frontage shops, that lead to an atrium with compluvium and impluvium, three cubicula and alae that flanked the atrium on each side. A tablinum was placed at the rear of the atrium with an oecus and andron on the left and right side of the tablinum respectively. Behind the tablinum was an outdoor garden enclosed by the property wall.
In successive building phases, additional shops were added on its west side and a peristyle was added to the garden.
In the late Augustan period the house was converted into a hospitium, a hotel on a grand scale. A counter accessible both from the street and the atrium was constructed to encourage potential guests passing by as well as service existing visitors. Rooms were grouped into suites around the atrium and larger spaces 22 and 35 off the northeast corner of the atrium provided indoor dining spaces while an outdoor masonry triclinium covered by a pergola supported by two pilasters at the north end of the peristyle garden provided outdoor dining space. A hearth was constructed nearby for hot food preparation.
A large window was installed in the tablinum to provide guests with a view of the garden enhanced by the tablinum's elevation of three steps above the atrium floor. The tablinum was modified to allow access from either end of the colonnade and, although a relatively small 20 by 70 foot space, was painted on the back wall with a garden scene which served as a continuation of the real garden, incorporating garlanded columns, three fountains, and birds.
Even with the addition of these new features, such as the peristyle garden which was imported from Greece in the 2nd century BCE, and the second atrium, which also became popular around this time, archaeologists point out that great care was exercised in the remodeling to preserve the original Samnite aesthetic characteristics.Its First Style decoration was retained in some of its public spaces over time, too, imitating the continued use of the First Style in Pompeii's temples, basilicas, and gymnasia into the imperial period.
Retention of the old may have been used intentionally to generate creative contrasts. Professor Andrew Wallace-Hadrill points out the First Style marble incrustation decoration of the House of Sallust's spacious atrium was carefully preserved over as long as two centuries while the adjoining peristyle was richly and charmingly decorated in the "modern" style of the imperial period. The House of Sallust is not unique in Pompeii in its use of decorative contrasts.
The structure was eventually expanded to use almost all the garden space, but its development was cut short due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

List of numbered rooms according to 1817 original floor plan

The atrium featured opus signinum floor pavement with painted Ionic columns supporting the roof giving the space a monumental appearance. Its walls were painted to emulate slabs of marble typical of the First Style. The treatment of the entrances to the tablinum and the alae, with pilasters joined by projecting entablatures, the severe and simple decoration, and the admission of light through the compluvium increased the apparent height of the room and gave it an aspect of dignity and reserve.
Although emphasis on the vista from the front door to the tablinum on to the garden began to diminish in other atrium houses in the 1st century CE, this was not the case here.The Republican atrium-tablinum-peristyle matrix remained in place in the House of Sallust despite its conversion to a primarily public establishment, so patronus-client relationships may have persisted for its owner into the early Empire. The arrangement also facilitated the enticement of potential guests from the busy traffic on the Via Consolare. The expansions of the house to encompass more entertainment spaces, however, did emulate such proliferation by other wealthy residents during this period.
A scene of sacrifice greeted visitors on a false door to the left of the tablinum. A priest, with his head covered, pours the contents of a patera into a tripod. Opposite the priest, a young man plays a double flute, his foot upon a scabellum, a percussion instrument played by the foot in dramatic performances. On the left and right, two assistants dressed in white tunics with narrow red stripes pour a liquid from drinking horns into paterae.
The southeast quadrant of the house was annihilated in an Allied bombing raid in 1943, destroying the signature fresco of Actaeon and Diana. Only a small part of the atrium's once sumptuous decoration, that included dentil cornices and fluted pilasters that framed the alae and tablinum, survived as well.
Examinations between 1817 and 1902, attributed additional rooms to the lower right corner of the house including a caupona, a Roman tavern equipped with dolia to serve hot food. The caupona had a rear doorway leading to two interconnected rooms, one with an external entrance probably for food deliveries, all labeled on the 1902 plan.
In the lower left corner of the structure, later archaeologists identified a bakery complex with a millroom with three mills, labeled on the 1902 plan, with a stairway to an upper floor, an oven, a kneading room, and a kitchen. They also identified the enclosure of part of the upper left colonnade to form a room labeled on the 1902 plan.

Gallery