, is a large mosque in the city ofMecca, and the largest in Islam. It surrounds the Kaaba, the place which all Muslims face each day in prayer, considered by Muslims to be the holiest place on Earth. The current structure covers an area of including the outdoor and indoor praying spaces and can accommodate up to 820,000 worshipers during the Hajj period. During the Hajj period, the mosque is unable to contain the multitude of pilgrims, who pray on the outlining streets. More than 2 million worshipers gather to pray during Eid prayers. According to the teachings of Islam, God, in the Quran, used the word mosque when referring to the sites established by ʾIbrāhīm and his progeny as houses of worship to God centuries before the revelation of the Quran. The first of these spots is Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and the second is Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Before Mecca and Jerusalem came under Muslim control between 630 CE and 638 CE, the site of the Kaaba, which was established by Abraham and Ismail, was used by non-Muslim Arabs who worshiped multiple gods.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
or the Mosque of the Prophet, located in Medina, is the second holiest site in Islam. The edifice was originally the house of Muhammad; he settled there after his migration to Medina, and later built a mosque on the grounds. He himself shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque also served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platformfor the people who taught the Quran. The basic plan of the building has been adopted in the building of other mosques throughout the world. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated the mosque. The most important feature of the site is the green dome over the center of the mosque, where the tomb of Muhammad is located. Constructed in 1817 CE and painted green in 1839 CE, it is known as the Dome of the Prophet. Early Muslim leaders Abu Bakr and Umar are buried beside Muhammad. Medina is also home to the historically significantQuba Mosque and Masjid al-Qiblatayn.
Al-Aqsa Mosque
, also known as the Temple Mount, is a holy site in Shia and Sunni Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem and widely regarded as the Temple Mount. It includes the al-Aqsa mosque and the Dome of the Rock. It is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam, and is also regarded as the holiest site in the world by Judaism. The term Al-Aqsa Mosque was coined in the Quran: Al-Aqsa Mosque is sacred because the first of the two Qiblas was Jerusalem. In Islamic tradition, Al-Aqsa is said to be the second Masjid. The mosque is also the third of the two holy Sanctuaries, under Islamic Law. The term used for mosque, "masjid", literally means "place of prostration", and includes monotheisticplaces of worship but does not exclusively lend itself to physical structures but a location, as Muhammad stated "The earth has been made for me a place for praying...". When Caliph Umar conquered Jerusalem after Muhammad's wafat, a prayer house was built on the site. The structure was expanded by the Umayyad caliphAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan and finished by his son al-Walid in 705 CE. The building was repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes and rebuilt, until the reconstruction in 1033 by the Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir, and that version of the structure is what can be seen in the present day. This same area was called at later Islamic periods as the Noble Sanctuary. It is believed by many to be the area from where Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven, although other theories claim it had been from a mosque in Medina, Jir'ana or Kufa. Although most political references to the Al-Aqsa Mosque date from the 12th century or later due to its occupation by the Crusades, others claim that the mosque's position in Islam is firmly grounded in a number of hadith dating from the birth of Islam. While Jerusalem is not mentioned by name in the Quran, it is recognized as a sacred site based on several references that have been linked to Jerusalem by later Islamic traditions such as the hadith. Some academics attribute the holiness of Jerusalem to the rise and expansion of a certain type of literary genre, known as al-Fadhail or history of cities. The Fadhail of Jerusalem inspired Muslims, especially during the Umayyad period, to embellish the sanctity of the city beyond its status in the holy texts. Others point to the political motives of the Umayyad dynasty which led to the sanctification of Jerusalem in Islam. Later medieval scripts, as well as modern-day political tracts, tend to classify al-Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam. For example, Sahih al-Bukhari quotes Abu Darda as saying: "the Prophet of God, Muhammad said a prayer in the Sacred Mosque is worth 100,000 prayers; a prayer in my mosque is worth 10,000 prayers; and a prayer in al-Aqsa Mosque is worth 1,000 prayers", more than in any other mosque. In addition, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, refers to the al-Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam.
