Heterostraci


Heterostraci is an extinct subclass of pteraspidomorph jawless vertebrate that lived primarily in marine and estuary environments. The first identifiable heterostracans appear in the fossil record during the Early Silurian, and all, save for the Psammosteids, became extinct by the start of the late Devonian. This last group of heterostracans died out in the extinction event at the end of the Devonian.

Description and anatomy

The Heterostracans differed from other Paleozoic agnathan taxa both in the arrangement and histology of their scales.
Most heterostracans had two plates which form a large dorsal shield and a large ventral shield, and had series of scales arranged in various patterns on the sides of their bodies, the exact pattern differing from one group to another. In a few primitive forms, such as Lepidaspis, the dorsal and ventral shields are composed of a mosaic of tiny scales. In most other known forms, though, these tiny scales have fused together to form the shield-plates.
The scales of heterostracans are histologically distinct from other vertebrates, having three layers composed of dentine and aspidine, an acellular bony tissue unique to animals of this class and Thelodonti. The middle layer was honeycombed with tiny spaces called "cancella."
As with many agnathan groups, heterostracans had no fins besides the tail or caudal fin. In some pteraspids, especially in the psammosteids, the ends of the branchial plates is drawn out to form wing-like extensions.

Taxonomy

Heterostraca is divided into several orders, including the two most diverse orders, Cyathaspidiformes, and Pteraspidiformes, as well as the Cardipeltida, Corvaspidida, Tolypelepidida, Tesseraspidida, and the Traquairaspidiformes. The predominantly Silurian Tolypelepidida, is regarded as being a sister group of the Cyathaspids and Pteraspidids, while the Early Devonian Lepidaspis is regarded as being incertae sedis, possibly close to the original basal forms.

Cyathaspidiformes

is divided into two main subgroups: the Amphiaspidida of Early Devonian Siberia, and the Cyathaspidida, grouped together with their relative Nahanbiaspis.

Pteraspidiformes

The Pteraspidiformes is divided up into five families, four of which, Anchipteraspididae, Gigantaspididae, Pteraspididae, and Protaspididae are monophyletic: Protopteraspididae has recently been determined to be paraphyletic within Pteraspidiformes, and thus, no longer valid, while Psammosteidae is now regarded as a separate subtaxon within Pteraspidiformes, "Psammosteida," as the sister taxon of the most basal family, Anchipteraspidae. Pteraspididae, Gigantaspididae and Protaspididae, in turn form the suborder Pteraspidoidei, with various genera of Protopteraspididae as sister taxa.

Phylogeny

Based on the work of Mikko Haaramo.