Hartley (unit)


The hartley, also called a ban, or a dit, is a logarithmic unit which measures information or entropy, based on base 10 logarithms and powers of 10, rather than the powers of 2 and base 2 logarithms which define the bit, or shannon. One ban or hartley is the information content of an event if the probability of that event occurring is. It is therefore equal to the information contained in one decimal digit, assuming a priori equiprobability of each possible value.
As a bit corresponds to a binary digit, a ban corresponds to a decimal digit. A deciban is one tenth of a ban; the name is formed from ban by the SI prefix deci-.
One hartley corresponds to log2 bit = ln nat, or approximately 3.322 Sh, or 2.303 nat. A deciban is about 0.332 Sh.
Though not an SI unit, the hartley is part of the International System of Quantities, defined by International Standard IEC 80000-13 of the International Electrotechnical Commission. It is named after Ralph Hartley.

History

The term hartley is named after Ralph Hartley, who suggested in 1928 to measure information using a logarithmic base equal to the number of distinguishable states in its representation, which would be the base 10 for a decimal digit.
The ban and the deciban were invented by Alan Turing with Irving John "Jack" Good in 1940, to measure the amount of information that could be deduced by the codebreakers at Bletchley Park using the Banburismus procedure, towards determining each day's unknown setting of the German naval Enigma cipher machine. The name was inspired by the enormous sheets of card, printed in the town of Banbury about 30 miles away, that were used in the process.
Good argued that the sequential summation of decibans to build up a measure of the weight of evidence in favour of a hypothesis, is essentially Bayesian inference. Donald A. Gillies, however, argued the ban is, in effect, the same as Karl Popper's measure of the severity of a test.

Usage as a unit of odds

The deciban is a particularly useful unit for log-odds, notably as a measure of information in Bayes factors, odds ratios, or weights of evidence. 10 decibans corresponds to odds of 10:1; 20 decibans to 100:1 odds, etc. According to Good, a change in a weight of evidence of 1 deciban is about as finely as humans can reasonably be expected to quantify their degree of belief in a hypothesis.
Odds corresponding to integer decibans can often be well-approximated by simple integer ratios; these are collated below. Value to two decimal places, simple approximation, with more accurate approximation if simple one is inaccurate:
decibansexact
value		approx.
value		approx.
ratio		accurate
ratio		probability
0100/1011:150%
1101/101.265:456%
2102/101.583:28:561%
3103/102.002:167%
4104/102.515:271.5%
5105/103.163:119:6, 16:576%
6106/103.984:180%
7107/105.015:183%
8108/106.316:119:3, 25:486%
9109/107.948:189%
101010/101010:191%