Haim Palachi


Haim Palachi was a Jewish-Turkish chief rabbi of Smyrna and author in Ladino and Hebrew. His titles included Hakham Bashi and Gaon. He is likely a descendant of Samuel Pallache of 16th-century Fez and early 17th-century merchant, diplomat and pirate. He was also father of grand rabbis Abraham Palacci and Isaac Palacci and rabbi Joseph Palacci. He was a member of the Pallache family.

Background

Pallache was born in İzmir, Turkey, then known internationally as Smyrna, part of the Ottoman Empire. His parents were Jacob Pallache and Kali Kaden Hazan. His maternal grandfather was Joseph Raphael ben Hayyim Hazzan, chief rabbi of İzmir. He studied under his grandfather and also Isaac ben Elyakim Gatigno.

Career

Early years

By 1813, aged 25, Palacci was already a rabbi. In 1828, aged 40, he became head of the Bet Yaakov rabbinical seminary.
In 1837 or 1838, he became head of a religious court and then became dayan, marbiš torah, and rav korel.
By 1854 or 1856, he had become Hakham Bashi or Chief Rabbi of Smyrna, appointed by Sultan Abdülmecid I during the Tanzimat period. He served as chief rabbi until his death in 1868.
In 1864, he received the award of Mecidiye Order, third class.
In 1867, he received a Greek Orthodox delegation:
SMYRNA.—Interchange of Visits.—We are happy to learn that a most friendly feeling prevails at Smyrna among the ecclesiastical heads of the several religious bodies. The Greek Archbishop, accompanied by his clergy, lately went to pay a visit to the Chief Rabbi, Haim Palacci. He was received with all the honors due to his rank. The Archbishop told the rabbi that a similar visit would be paid by the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople to the Chief Rabbi of the capital. This friendly understanding was brought about by the generous act of the Jews who bought six bells carried away by the Turks from Candia and presented them to the clergy of Smyrna, with the request to restore them to the churches whence they had been carried away.

Murder (1859)

Following a murder on March 17, 1859, local police apprehended a Greek meat butcher and Jewish broker as suspects. Rav Hayim Palaçi wrote to Baron Lionel de Rothschild for support and protection. He also write a liturgy, in which he stated "Müslüman Türkler Yahudilere inanıp güveniyorlar.".

"Haim Palacci Dispute"

By 1865, attempts by secular leaders of Izmir's Jewish community to exploit Palachi's declining health led to communal conflict.
Historian D. Gershon Lewental describes the conflict as follows. In November 1865, an administrative committee forced Pallache to accept its oversight, after which a group of lay leaders purchased at reduced cost the concession for the gabelle tax on kosher food and alcohol. The concessionaires refused audit; Pallache repealed the tax completely. The concessionaires went over Pallache as Izmir's hakham bashi to the regional head, whose representative conducted an investigation that recommended Pallache's removal in favor of himself. The Ottoman government accepted the recommendation. Widespread opposition to the Ottoman decision led to delay, repeal, and finally reinstitution of Pallache by October 1867. Pallache agreed to some reforms but died before they took effect.
Historian Stanford J. Shaw describes the conflict in his book The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. He recounts that Palacci was more conservative than other religious leaders during the Tanzimat period. However, the dispute started in November 1865, when other members of the Jewish religious council speculated on the gabelle on wine, alcohol, and salt; Palacci annulled the tax. In December 1866, Yakir Geron, grand rabbi of Adrianople, intervened by sending an emissary, rabbi Samuel Danon to resolve the matter; he recommended that Geron dismiss Palacci. Jewish members of the Izmir community asked their vali to hold off, while they sent a mission to Istanbul. The decision that came back was to appoint Palacci as chief rabbi for life.

Personal and death

Palachi had three sons: Abraham, Isaac, and Joseph, all three of whom were rabbis and the first two succeeded him as grand rabbi.
He was conservative in his views and opposed innovations, e.g., adoption of European dress.
He died on February 10, 1868. "His funeral hearse was attended by all of the city's dignitaries", escorted by a battalion of troops, an honor given by the Turkish authorities to only two or three chief rabbis.

Legacy

"Haim Palacci Dispute"

The Pallache dispute led to a fifty-year delay in implementation of the Organic Statute of 1865 in Izmir, according to Shaw.

Succession

Some dispute arose over Palachi's succession. A minority in the local community championed Rabbi Joseph Hakim of Manissa to succeed. A majority wanted his son Abraham to succeed him, including Jews with foreign citizenship. Abraham succeeded his father on October 7, 1869.
The second son Isaac succeeded his brother Abraham.
The third son Joseph was unable to succeed his brothers because he was too young.

Personal reputation

Journey into Jewish Heritage states:
Rabbi Haim Palaggi... was the 'Haham Bashi' of Izmir in the middle of the 19th century, and founder of the 'Beit Hillel' Synagogue and beit madras. He was very knowledgeable, and received letters from all over the world with questions about Halacha. He wrote 82 books addressing important issues in Jewish life. The community today is very proud of his legacy, and speak of him with great respect. In the synagogue, when his name is mentioned or cited, the congregation stands up and bows with respect.
Turkish Jews still refer to his writings and opinions in their ceremonies and writings, particularly :tr:Rav İzak Alaluf in Şalom newspaper: 2015, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008.

Opinions

His rabbinical opinions continue to receive attention worldwide today, e.g., his 1869 opinion "On the Possibilities of Synagogue Reform: An Ottoman Rabbi's Answer to a Query in Paris," reprinted in 2014.
He has been called a Gaon in memory of the Geonim, e.g., "And the Lion of the gaonim, the elderly Gaon Chaim Palaji of Izmir..." and a "19th century living Gaon."

Pilgrimage gravesite

A main attraction of Gurcesme is "the grave of Rabbi Palaggi, which was moved to this cemetery from its original burial place, in the 1920s... and people from all over the world come to pray at his grave" as "pilgrimage to Rabbi Palaggi's grave."
Journey into Jewish Heritage recommends that "Rabbi Haim Palaggi's grave should be marked as a landmark for orientation, and the building of a pergola should be considered for the visitors’ comfort."
Palacci's grave lies in Plot B.4. It is one of the graves "brought over from the old cemetery and put in between the existing graves. This is the reason why the grave is at right angles to all the rest."

Synagogue

A synagogue in Izmir is named after him or his son Abraham.
According to Jewish Izmir Heritage, "In the 19th century, Rabbi Avraham Palache founded in his home a synagogue named Beit Hillel, after the philanthropist from Bucharest who supported the publication of Rabbi Palache's books. However, the name 'Avraham Palache Synagogue' was also used by the community." This synagogue forms a cluster of eight extant, all adjacent or in the Kemeraltı Çaršisi in Izmir. The heritage organization states, "Izmir is the only city in the world in which an unusual cluster of synagogues bearing a typical medieval Spanish architectural style is preserved... creating an historical architectural complex unique in the world."
In its record, Journey into Jewish Heritage calls the Beit Hillel synagogue "Avraham Palaggi's synagogue" but then states that "the synagogue was founded by Palaggi Family in 1840" and that Rav Avraham Palaggi "used" it. "The building had been used as a synagogue and a Beit Midrash. The synagogue has not been used since the 1960s." It concludes, "The synagogue was founded by the Palaggi family and is therefore very important."

Beit Hillel Yeshiva

Journey into Jewish Heritage states that Palacci founded the Beit Hillel Yeshiva in the middle of the 19th century. Current sources are unclear, but it is likely the same as the Beit Midrash mentioned above.

Bnei Brak yeshiva

A seminary was named in Palachi's honor in Bnei Brak, Israel.

Family members

An index for Abraham Galante's Histoire des Juifs de Torque includes the following details about Palacci family members:

Works

Palacci began writing at the age of sixteen and wrote more than 70 or 80 religious works, published in Salonica, Istanbul, Jerusalem, and Izmir. Of these, he wrote: 7 works on the Bible, nine essays on the Talmud, 15 books of Midrash and homiletics, moral books, and 24 connected to law, acceptance, Q&A, and other subjects. Some of his works were handwritten. Many remain in print to this day.
Major works named in transliterated Hebrew include:
  1. Tokhahot Hayyim
  2. Collected homilies
  3. Hayyim be-Yad, halachic responsa
  4. Nishmat Kol Hay , responsa
  5. Massa Hayyim or Masa Hayim –in Ladino
  6. Responses on taxation
  7. Arsot ha-Hayyim
  8. Qol ha-Hayyim
  9. Mo'ed le-Khol Hay, laws of the festivals
  10. Hiqeqe Lev , responsa
  11. Kaf ha-Hayyim, halachic rulings and morals
Other works found named in transliterated Hebrew include:
  1. Sefer Shoshanim Le’David, halachic response
  2. Darche Hayyim 'al Pirke Abot, commentary on Pirke Avot
  3. Leb Hayyim, responsa and comments on the Shulchan Aruch
  4. De-Rahamim le-Hayyim
  5. Semichah le-Hayyim
  6. Tsedakah Hayyim
  7. Tochahat Hayyim, moral counsel and sermons
  8. Ateret Hayyim
  9. Yimmatse le-Hayyim, prayers for different needs
  10. Nefesh Hayyim
  11. Torah ve-Hayyim
  12. Hayyim Tehillah
  13. Treatises on various subjects plus eulogy of Sir Moses Montefiore with appendix "Derachav le-Mosheh" on the Damascus affair
  14. Hayyim Derachav
  15. Hayyim la-Roshe
  16. Re'e Hayyim
  17. Hayyim ve-Shalom
  18. Katub le-Hayyim
  19. Sippur Hayyim
  20. Birkat Mordekai le-Hayyim
  21. Sefer Hayyim
  22. Ginze Hayyim
  23. Eine Kol Hai'
  24. Refuat Hayyim, spiritual remedies for diseases
  25. Mismatch Hayyim, on significance of names

    Miscellaneous

Palacci's professional stamp survives in a book.

External sources

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