HCESAR
HCESAR is an obsolete typewriter keyboard layout. It was created by decree on July 17, 1937, under Portuguese prime minister António Salazar. The purpose of the layout was to place the most frequently used characters, as they were used in Portuguese, in the center of the layout.
It was common that the 0 numeral was omitted, and there were also some typewriters without the 1 numeral. Also absent were symbols such as the exclamation mark, the asterisk, the number sign, and the inequality sign.
This keyboard layout was the official layout of typewriters in public administration and most private companies until the mid-1970s, when it began to be replaced by the AZERTY layout.
When both layouts were in use the HCESAR was called the "teclado nacional" and the AZERTY "teclado internacional".
In the early 1980s, when the Portuguese public administration started to replace its old machines with multiuser terminal-based computers, mainly running the Unix OS, both HCESAR and AZERTY were slowly replaced by the QWERTY layout, which is overwhelmingly used today.
