Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War


Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War refers to the armed actions carried out by non-regular troops against Napoleon's Grand Armée in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War. These armed men were a constant source of harassment to the French army, as described by a Prussian officer fighting for the French: "Wherever we arrived, they disappeared, whenever we left, they arrived — they were everywhere and nowhere, they had no tangible center which could be attacked." The Peninsular War was significant in that it was the first to see a large-scale use of guerrilla warfare in European history and as a result of the guerrillas, Napoleon's troops were tied down on the Iberian peninsula, unable to conduct military operations elsewhere on the continent. The strain the guerrillas caused on the French troops led Napoleon to dub the conflict the "Spanish Ulcer."

Course of the War

Apart from the odd setback, such as General Castaños' surprise victory at Bailén, in part due to guerrilla warfare between Madrid and Andalusia, and especially in the Sierra Morena, a victory which helped persuade the British government that Napoleon could be defeated, the French troops were largely undefeated on the open battlefield.
A list drawn up in 1812 puts the figure of such irregular troops in Spain alone at 38,520 men, divided into 22 guerrilla bands.
Although locally organised militia had been deployed in Portugal and Spain before, particularly in the regions of Catalonia and Valencia, where thousands of well-organised "miquelets" had already proved their worth in the Catalan revolt of 1640 and in the War of the Spanish Succession, it was during the Peninsular War, referred to by Spaniards as the War of Independence, that such armed forces became active on a nationwide basis.
Well aware of how successful both urban and rural guerrilla warfare had been so far, on 28 December 1808 the Junta Central Suprema issued the Reglamento de partidas y Cuadrillas, a decree regulating the formation of guerrilla troops. This would be followed by other decrees in 1809, authorising the "Corso Terrestre" to keep for themselves any money, supplies and equipment that they were able to take from the French. In effect, in some cases, this meant that they were little more than brigands who were, in some cases, feared by French troops and the civilian population alike. Little by little, these groups would be incorporated into the regular Spanish Army and their cabecillas given regular military ranks.
Spanish guerrillas frequently attacked Grand Armee rear echelon components, including communication and supply lines. These guerrillas were mainly ordinary civilians, predominantly from rural areas and generally conscripted. The success of these fighters in the conflict was owed to the few men and small amount of equipment and energy required to hold a large area and disrupt French movements. Despite a French victory in the conventional war, the unconventional war simply could not be won. The stress of the guerrilla conflict put considerable strain on Napoleon who remarked that the affair had been the one "that killed me."

Late Era

By the end of 1809, the damage caused by the guerrillas led to the Dutch Brigade, under major-general Chassé being deployed, almost exclusively and, largely unsuccessfully, in counter-guerrilla warfare in La Mancha.

Notable actions

Folklore would often elevate the status of local heroes, but some of the better-known guerrilleros include the following: