Greater Bangladesh
Greater Bangladesh is a political theory circulated by a number of Indian politicians and writers that the People's Republic of Bangladesh has aspirations of territorial expansion, to include the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam and Andaman Islands as part of its own territory. The theory is principally based on a widespread belief amongst Indian masses that a large number of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants reside in Indian territory.
Background
The region of Bengal was first united as a single independent state by King Shashanka, who conquered all of what is now Bangladesh, West Bengal, Tripur, Jharkhand, and parts of Southern Assam and East and Central Bihar. Bengal was also later united by the Bengali Buddhist Pala Emperors, whose reign expanded to included lands from as far north as the Kashmiri hills to as far south as modern day Andhra Pradesh. The notion of a Greater Bangladesh first arose during the rule of the Hindu Sena dynasty. This ideology included the states of Bihar and Jharkhand, which are now considered non-Bengali states. After the Sena Dynasty's collapse, the region became a hub of Islamic culture and an economic powerhouse. After the Battle of Raj Mahal the Bengal Sultanate was integrated into the Mughal Empire with the empire's Crown Princes acting as its viceroy.After the Maratha Rebellions in Northern India, the Bengal province became autonomous and was ruled by the Nawab of Bengal. After the Battle of Plassey, the region became an administrative division of British India with Bengal's capital Calcutta acting as the Indian capital. The Bengal Presidency was formed in 1765, and in 1905, the presidency was divided into Bengal province, East Bengal province, and Assam province. Assam and the Lushai Hills became part of the Province of Assam in 1912. In 1912, Bengal was separated into two states of the British empire after the Indian independence movement began to arise. These new provinces were Bihar and Orissa and East Bengal and Assam. These provinces were partitioned again in 1947 into the Hindu-majority West Bengal and Muslim-majority East Bengal to facilitate the creation of the separate Muslim state of Pakistan, of which East Bengal became a province.
United Bengal
In January 1947, Sarat Chandra Bose resigned from the Indian National Congress, partially in protest against the partition of Bengal. He called for an independent Bengal separate from both India and Pakistan. Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abul Hashem, two Bengali leaders of the Muslim League, also advocated for an independent Bengal comprising both the eastern and western parts of Bengal.Mohammad Akram Khan and Khawaja Nazimuddin, two other Muslim League leaders, wanted a United Bengal as part of Pakistan. Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Syama Prasad Mookerjee, the founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh which later was succeeded by Bharatiya Janata Party, opposed the idea of an independent Bengal or a United Bengal. Hindu Mahashabha and Mookerjee were concerned about Bose and Suhrawardy discussing a sovereign state of Bengal, while opposing the idea of a United Bengal, even as part of India. Jawaharlal Nehru, then a leader of the majority faction of the Congress, was opposed to a United Bengal unless it was connected to the Union.
Conspiracy theories
Lebensraum theory
Achieving a "Greater Bangladesh" as Lebensraum is alleged to be the reason for large-scale illegal immigration from Bangladesh into India's states. Similarly it is alleged that illegal immigration is actively encouraged by some political groups in Bangladesh as well as the state of Bangladesh to convert large parts of India's northeastern states, particularly Assam and West Bengal into Muslim-majority areas that would subsequently seek to separate from India and join Muslim-majority Bangladesh. One Indian proposition is that the state of Bangladesh is pursuing a territorial design seeking a Lebensraum for its teeming population and trying to establish a Greater Bangladesh. Another proposition called for capturing one or two districts in Bangladesh and sending illegal immigrants there. Yet another proposition called for killing off Bangladeshi immigrants in India to thwart the designs of state of Bangladesh.It is suspected, though, that the figures of Bangladeshi migrants in India are too far-fetched to be accorded any credence. The diplomatic difficulty is increased by the failure of conspiracy theorists in India to comprehend that supporting Indian rebels in a plot to carve out a Greater Bangladesh would bring very little strategic dividend to Bangladesh. Scholars have also reflected that under the guise of Bangladeshi immigrant movement it is actually a Muslim false propaganda and widely understated claims on immigrant population. There also is an alleged parallel threat of turning Assam into a part of a Greater West Bengal.
Migration theory
At the turn of the 21st century, Indian political circles started to take a serious look at Bangladeshi illegal immigration into India. Bangladesh is under pressure from India as a source of rebellion in Indian North-East for this Indian perception. It is also hard pressed to convince India that encouraging migration is not a state policy of Bangladesh. The state of Bangladesh denied the existence of these immigrants while stripping them of their Bangladeshi citizenship. According to Jyoti M. Pathania of South Asia Analysis Group the reasons for Bangladeshi immigration to India are: basic need theory i.e. food, shelter and clothing, economic dictates i.e. employment opportunity, better wages and comparatively better living conditions, demographic disproportion especially for minorities in this densely populated country having roughly a density of 780 per km2 as against half that number on Indian side of the border, and being cheap labor the Bangladeshis find easy acceptance as “domestic helps” in Indian homes, which keeps proliferating by ever increasing demand for domestic helps. The Centre for Women and Children Studies estimated in 1998 that 27,000 Bangladeshis have been forced into prostitution in India.Militancy theory
A number of Indian politicians and journalists alleged that advocates of a Greater Bangladesh seek the expansion of Bangladeshi hegemony in Northeastern India, including the states of Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya and Tripura, as well as the Arakan Province of Burma, where there is a considerable population of Bengali Muslims. It was also alleged that United Liberation Front of Asom conspired with state of Bangladesh to secede four to five Muslim majority districts of Assam to form a Greater Bangladesh, though Bangladesh in the contrary arrested a number of ULFA leaders, including Ranju Chowdhury, Arabinda Rajkhowa and Anup Chetia, to support Indian action against militancy.In 2002, nine Islamic groups including Indian militant organizations Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam, Muslim United Liberation Front of Assam and Muslim Volunteer Force, Pakistani militant organization Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Myanmar groups Rohingya Solidarity Organization and Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front of Myanmar, and Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a pan-South Asian militant organization outlawed in Bangladesh with leaders sentenced to death, formed a coalition that declared the formation Greater Bangladesh as one of their aims. Historically India has been accusing Bangladesh of supporting extremist organizations like ULFA and National Socialist Council of Nagaland, while Bangladesh accused India of supporting similar organizations like Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan and United People's Democratic Front.
Effects of allegation
Nellie massacre
In Assam, agitation against immigrants started as early as 1979, led by All Assam Students Union. Their demand was to put a stop on the influx of immigrants and deportation of those who have already settled. It gradually took violent form and ethnic violence started between Assamese and Bengalis, mostly Muslim. It eventually led to the infamous Nellie massacre in 1983 due to a controversy over the 1983 election. In 1985 Indian Government signed the Assam accord with the leaders of the agitation to stop the issue. As per the accord India started building a fence along the Assam-Bangladesh border which is now almost complete. However Assam also has a large number of genuine Indian Muslim Bengalis. It is difficult to distinguish between illegal Bangladeshis and local Bengali speakers. In some cases genuine Indian citizens have been discriminated Allegations exist that nationalist parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party have discriminated against Bengali-speaking Muslims.Ethnic and religious tensions in the Indian North East had led to massacre of Bengali-speaking Muslims in Nellie in February 1983. The greatest carnage against immigrants occurred on 18 February when 990 in Neille and 585 in Barbori were killed. Villages were burned while women and children identified as immigrant Muslims were hacked into pieces. Smuggling and illegal immigration along the Indian-Bangladeshi border has been identified as major cause of killing of more than 3,000 people in the massacre. The Neille Massacre has been argued as one of the cases of ethnic cleansing with the complicity of state, that was followed by similar incidents of carnages in Delhi, Bhagalpur, Mumbai and Gujarat.