The Great Tenmeifamine was a famine which affected Japan during the Edo period. It is considered to have begun in 1782, and lasted until 1788. It was named after the Tenmei era, during the reign of Emperor Kōkaku. The ruling shoguns during the famine were Tokugawa Ieharu and Tokugawa Ienari. The famine was the deadliest one during the early modern period in Japan. In Tōhoku, which is the north-eastern region of Honshū, starting in the 1770s there was a sharp decline in crop yield due to poor and cold weather, so rural areas were already exhausted. The situation was exacerbated further by natural disasters. Mount Iwaki erupted on April 13, 1783, and Mount Asama on July 6, so volcanic ash was sent down around Japan. Aside from the direct damage caused by the eruptions, it led to a decrease in the amount of solar radiation, resulting in cold weather trends that caused catastrophic damage to crops. Another cause of the famine was the government's economic policies. During this period a mercantilist policy was implemented by Tanuma Okitsugu, a minister of the Tokugawa shogunatecabinet. This was intended to commercialise agriculture and thus increase tax income, which was paid in rice. This caused economic difficulties for many Hans and led to excessive encouragement of rice production in order to pay higher taxes. It also resulted in local emergency stores of food becoming depleted. These factors combined to result in poor harvests and a lack of emergency stores, which led to skyrocketing rice prices, so serious famine expanded to a national scale as a result. According to Nochi-mi-gusa, written by Genpaku Sugita, approximately twenty thousand people starved to death across the country, mainly in rural areas of the Tōhoku region. However, many local authorities, afraid of being accused of economic mismanagement, did not report the full extent of the damage, so the actual death toll may have been far higher, perhaps even ten times Sugita's estimate. The damage was particularly severe in Mutsu Province, where it was reported that over a hundred thousand people died. Including people who fled the area, Hirosaki Han lost almost half of its population. The combined impact of famine and outbreaks of disease resulted in a population decline of more than 920,000 people across Japan between 1780 and 1786.
