Government procurement in Russia


Government procurement in Russia relates to the public procurement in Russia by all governmental, regional and local authorities. The government procurement in Russia represents a big segment of the budgetary expenses. The volume of government purchases makes about 25 trillion rubles in 2015 and 30 trillion rubles in 2016. The government purchases system is constantly modernized due to changes in legislation, technical components and information.

Introduction

Government procurement is a contract about supply of goods, fulfillment of a work or providing services for government needs. These contracts are made via auctions, tenders or by using similar procedures, and also directly. Government procurements can be contracted with a producer of a good as well as with an intermediary. Every legal entity can be a supplier.
Resources of any state institutions are always limited. Therefore, during budgeting it is advisable to take into account priority directions, which represent strategic goals and tasks of a state budget policy. Also a very important thing is a balance of national and regional budgets. For these purposes a government procurement is often used. It allows to implement a competition in a realization of government spending.
Government procurements are characterized primarily by that these purchases and deliveries are paid by money of taxpayers. These money are concentrated in appropriate budgets and extrabudgetary funds. According to the current legislature, government procurements include needs of federal public authorities as well as needs of public authorities of state subjects and regions.

Characteristics

The goal of a system of government procurements is to satisfy interests of its participants:
The main goal of efficiency of government procurements is a reasonable and purposeful spending of state budget and extrabudgetary funds during government purchases of industrial goods, fulfillment of a work or obtaining a services for national purposes.
The goal of formation of government contract system of government procurements is a provision of fulfillment of public commitments of the government during effective using of its resources and through realization of government procurements.

Functions

One of the main functions of a national authority is a provision of socially significant goods and services to the population. During fulfillment of this important task, the authority needs to act in the interest of the entire population of the country and to use resources of all budgets of appropriate levels. The basic way of realization of authority's service functions is a formation and placing a government and municipal procurements. The formation and placing are carried out publicly in strict accordance with the state law.
During the formation of a government procurement there are taken into account real needs of a government agency of executive power, state institution and the society on the whole. Government procurements are applied for organization and realization of long-term government targeted programs.
From the standpoint of the state, government procurements have the following functions:
The system of government procurement is the set of legal, organizational and economic measures, which are directed to the provision of national and municipal needs in goods, works and services by means of realization of interconnected phases:
The system of public procurement attracts more and more the attention of the public sector, government and private sector. To develop the system of public procurement, we need to remember the experiences of the past. It is important for a specialist of any sphere to know the development periods in his field of activity.
The first period from 1992 to 1997. During this period, a big number of documents were adopted, among them 826-UP and 53-FZ. These documents were designed to become the legal basis for regulating the public procurement. Nonetheless, at this stage it was not required to hold a tender when placing a procurement order. This was successfully used by economic agents for personal gain, and thus further additions to the legal base were necessary.
The second period from 1997 to 2006. During this period, legal documents 305-UP and 97-FZ were adopted, which were to become the basis for the formation of the modern system for regulating public procurements. The aforementioned legal documents regulated only the actions of federal customers and were not able to build an appropriate system of placing order process.
The third period from 2006 to 2014. The beginning of the next stage in the formation of the government procurement system is associated with the passing of the federal law 94-FZ. This law brought many changes in the process of procurement order placing, for example, the introduction of the electronic auction, exclusion of the two-stage procedure, introduction of the concept of initial contract price. Closed procurement procedures were prohibited, with the exclusion of the orders constituting state secrets. A finite list of situations was created, outlining when an order could be placed with a single source. The use of qualification criteria was limited, along with other changes.
The fourth period from 1 January 2014–present. Federal law 44-FZ comes into force. 44-Fechnology Z regulates the procedures related to the forecasting and planning of public needs, including goods, services, procurement, monitoring, and audit.

Selection of a supplier

Selection of a supplier - a set of actions, which are implemented by clients according to the order established in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 44-ФЗ "About the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, services for state and municipal needs". This process starts with placing an announcement about procurement of goods, works, services for provision of state needs or municipal needs; or, in specified by 44-ФЗ cases, it starts with invitation to participate in selection of a supplier. The process ends with a contract negotiation.

Methods for selection of a supplier

1) competitive:
2) noncompetitive:
The Electronic procurement system in Russia was introduced for the first time in 2006, when it was used for incidental, minor tenders. However, it was not until 2009 that the transition process started of shifting to electronic tenders as the main form of conducting public procurement. Since then, the share of electronic tenders in the public procurement sector has been steadily increasing. As of 2016, 56,5% of procurement orders were realised in the form of an electronic tender.
As of 2018, there is strong support for transferring 100% of public procurement orders into the electronic format. The main argument in support of this process is the increased transparency and lower rates of corruption associated with electronic tenders. On the 2018 All-Russian Government Procurement Forum in Moscow, propositions were made to use the blockchain technology for public procurement. Blockchain has already been tested for procurement orders of medicaments in Novgorod oblast and, according to Sergey Gorkov, "all the questions regarding the medicaments are precise, clear, and very quick to solve". As part of the same forum, the head of the Federal Treasury Roman Artyukhin announced that, starting 1 January 2019, all the paper procurement orders will become history.
In the February 2017 report by Andrey Khramkin, the director of the Public Procurement Institute, the next steps in the process of transition to the all-electronic procurement system are outlined:
...the following actions are expected:
1. Further integration of state budget, tax, judicial and other databases with the data from unified information system.
2. Creation of universal unified platform which would host all state and municipal goods and resources to be distributed according to a competitive procedure
3. Transition of all forms of procurement to the electronic form and paperless document flow.

Legislation

Russian Federal Law N94-ФЗ of 21.07.2005 requires all federal, regional and municipal government customers to publish all information about government tenders, auctions and other purchase procedures on special public government websites.
In June 2012 The Law "On the Federal Contractual System of Procurement of Goods, Works and Services" came up for the first reading in the State Duma. The bill is based on a comprehensive approach to procurement of goods, works and services for state and municipal needs by forming the federal contractual system. It, specifically, ensures the regulation of the entire procurement cycle: planning and forecasting of state and municipal needs, forming and placing orders, fulfillment of contractual obligations and the analysis of the results, as well as monitoring, control and auditing of the observance of requirements. The bill establishes a number of anti-dumping measures enabling rejection of applications with inordinately underestimated prices.
While until now only additions were made to the original legislation, there have been suggestions of rewriting the legislation completely, in order to more accurately address the present-day problems.

Education and Certification

In many countries laws demands or recommends customers and suppliers to have certified procurement specialists. Special education organizations provide certification, courses and seminars and publish recommendations for different procurement procedures.
In Russia, numerous public procurement research institutions exist, providing opportunities for further training and certification of professionals working in public procurement. Some higher education institutions, like RANEPA, also offer courses and certifications in public procurement.
In 1998, The Institute of Public and Regulated Procurement, Competition Policy and Anti-corruption Technologies was founded. The institute works as a research, educational, and expert organization in the field of state and municipal procurement, corporate and other government regulated purchases, and has been part of the public anti-corruption activity.

Corruption

is widespread in real life and now also it is a popular topic in economic research. The focus in this article will be on corruption in public procurement in Russian Federation.
In 2006-2013 public procurement in all the Russian regions was regulated by a single law, Federal Law N94-ФЗ, according to which the suppliers can be chosen only through a competitive procedure for all the procurements above 100000 rubles. The rules imply that information on forthcoming procedures is published online at the special centralized website, the single one for all the regions and for all the procurements. After the procedure all the results are also available at the same website. For all the procedures the procurer sets a start price, which is the maximum possible price of the contract. In the course of procedure bidders make bids that are lower than the start price. The bidder with a minimum price offer wins the contract. To set the start price a procurer usually asks for the price quotations from a few arbitrarily selected firms in the market, which send him the price at which they would be able to perform the 12 contract. There are two major types of procedures available for procurers – sealed bid auctions12 and open electronic auctions13. If only one supplier applies to participate in the open auction, he obtains the contract at the start price. Before the Federal Law No.94 was introduced, poocurers were almost free to choose any supplier they wanted, to pay him any price, the higher – the better. After that the contract would be performed at the minimal possible costs. And everything that was not spent would be shared between the procurer and his supplier. Despite of the attempts to make the procedures more transparent, to increase the participation of private firms in public procurement and to fight corruption, there are still a lot of violations that limit the efficiency of public procurement. A procurer is still able to get round most of the limitations. If a procurer was not benevolent, and wanted to enrich himself, he would try to negotiate with a single firm the shares on the surplus they receive from the procurement contract, and then to prevent outsiders from participating in the procedure. So, at the very first step he may set the start price higher, by choosing the highest price from the price quotations, or by choosing firms he is asking these quotations from. Then he may tune the specification of the goods so that only one firm is able to perform the contract. The other way to limit competition is to include special clauses of delivery that are not suitable to most of the firms, or make the contract very short so that outsider won't be able toomake it. If nevertheless some outsiders applied to participate in the procedure, he may still exclude some firms from bidding in the open auction, referring to some gaps in the documents they provided. As procedure with the only bidder may be suspicious, in some cases, the procurer or the insider may call another firm to participate, but not to bid, at least not to bid aggressively. That will always result in repeated interactions between the procurer and insider in various procurement procedures. So, by corruption in public procurement we will mean some actions of a procurer that are aimed at receiving private gain from distribution of procurement contracts to private firms.

Statistics

About 3 000 of new tenders, auctions and requests for quotations published each day. About 250 000 purchase announcements published per year on federal procurement website.
Web resources that collect procurement information also are a source for additional statistics like usage of specific file formats among official organizations or regional economic activities.