Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
Ganga–Jamuni Tehzeeb, also spelled as Ganga-Jamni Tehzeeb, is the culture of the central plains of northern India, especially the doab region of Ganges and Yamuna rivers, that is a syncretic fusion of Hindu cultural elements with Muslim religious elements.
K. Warikoo, Professor at the Centre for Inner Asian Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University describes the concept as one exemplifying communal harmony and a shared culture between the Hindus and Muslims of India:
Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, a poetic Awadhi phrase for a distinctive and syncretic Hindu-Muslim culture, is reflected in the fused spiritual connotations, forms, symbols, aesthetics, crafts and weaves, for example Kashmiri Muslim carpet makers feature Durga in their patterns, Muslim sculptors making idols of Durga, and Hindu craftsmen create the Muharram tazia. This religious syncretism based on the vasudhaiva kutumbakam, unity in diversity and multi-communitarianism is a result of centuries of interfaith exchange and accommodation among Indian religions and foreign origin religions where in India communities preserve own cultural and religious identies while facilitating the shared celebration of festivals, customs and traditions. The shared Indian national identity is separated from the personal religious identity where nation and common social good comes first above the personal religion.
Various iconic people of several religions related to the Bhakti movement, a medieval initiative for the revival and recontextualisation of ancient Vedic traditions, are example of this tehzeeb.
Etymology
"Ganga-Jamni" Hindi, literally, "mixed," "composite," "alloy," mixed lentils, half-urad half-arhar; alloy, half-copper half-brass; half-opium half-bhang. "Tahzeeb", Urdu, via Arabic: تہذيب tahẕīb edification, refinement, polish, culture.Revolutionary role of bhakti movement
, Guru Nanak, Ravidas, Kabir, Bulleh Shah, Tulsidas, Gusainji, Ramananda, Eknath, Tukaram, Mirabai were some of the prominent contributors of bhakti movement. One of the best examples of syncretic faith is captured in one of Kabir's doha, "some chant Allah, some chant Ram, Kabir is a worshiper of true love and hence reveres both."| Devanagari | Nastaliq | Roman | Translation |
| कोई जपे रहीम रहीम कोई जपे है राम दास कबीर है प्रेम पुजारी दोनों को परनाम | کوئی جپے رحیم رحیم کوئی جپے ہے رام داس کبیر ہے پریم پجاری دونوں کو پرنام | Koi jape rahim rahim Koi jape hai ram Das Kabir hai prem pujari Dono ko parnaam | Some chant O Merciful Some chant Ram Kabir is a worshiper of true love And reveres them both |