Furnifold McLendel Simmons


Furnifold McLendel Simmons was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1887 to March 4, 1889 and U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina between March 4, 1901 and March 4, 1931. He served as chairman of the powerful Committee on Finance from March 4, 1913 to March 4, 1919. He was an unsuccessful contender for the 1920 Democratic Party nomination for president. Simmons was a staunch segregationist, white supremacist and a leading perpetrator of the Wilmington insurrection of 1898.

Life and career

Simmons was born in Pollocksville, North Carolina, the son of Mary McLendel and Furnifold Greene Simmons. As a leader of the state Democratic Party, Simmons led the 1898–1900 White Supremacy campaigns that effectively disenfranchised black voters for a half-century. From his Senate seat, he then ran a powerful political machine, using A. D. Watts "to keep the machine oiled back home," in the words of one journalist.
Senator Simmons refused to endorse Al Smith, the Democratic nominee for president in 1928, winning him praise from members of the Ku Klux Klan. Still, rejecting the Democratic nominee in 1928, together with the Great Depression, led to Simmons being defeated in the 1930 Democratic primary by Josiah W. Bailey, who was backed by Governor O. Max Gardner.