Francis Walker (entomologist)
Francis Walker was an English entomologist. He was one of the most prolific authors in entomology, and stirred controversy during his later life as his publications resulted in a huge number of junior synonyms.
Walker was contracted by the British Museum between June 1848 and late 1873 to catalogue their insects. He was born in Southgate, England on 31 July 1809 and died at Wanstead, England on 5 October 1874. Walker added an immense amount of material to the collections of the British Museum and wrote over 300 scientific papers and notes. He is best known for his catalogues of Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Collaborating with Alexander Henry Haliday, a lifelong friend, he was one of the first students of the Chalcidoidea. He was also a close friend of John Curtis. Walker was a fellow of the Entomological Society. Walker's specimens are in the Natural History Museum, London; Hope Department of Entomology, University of Oxford; the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin; Zoologische Staatssammlung München and the School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
Family and childhood
Francis Walker was the son of John Walker of Arnos Grove, who was a fellow of the Royal Society, the Linnean Society and the Royal Horticultural Society. Born into a wealthy and educated family, Francis spent the years 1816 to 1820 in Switzerland at Geneva, Lucerne and Vevey where the family party was joined by Madame de Staël, the poet Lord Byron and some Swiss naturalists gathered around Nicolas Théodore de Saussure. With his brother Henry, Francis collected butterflies on an ascent of Mount Pilatus in 1818 and so was an entomologist at age nine. In 1840 Walker married Mary Elizabeth Ford.Occupation
In 1834 Walker took up the editorship of the Entomological Magazine for one year and unpaid and in 1837 he began working on a contract basis for the British Museum where he remained until 1863. He lived at Arnos Grove and relied on family money for his main income.Traveller and alpinist
Walker was a traveller with a liking for mountains. His known trips are:- 1830 – An extended trip to France with the entomologist John Curtis establishing a lifelong friendship. They visited Fontainebleau Montpellier, Nantes and Vaucluse, sightseeing and collecting insects, particularly Satyridae. The trip ended in Jersey.
- 1836 – A three-month collecting trip to Lapland with William Christy, Jr. and W.D. Hooker.
- 1848 – Thanet
- 1849 – With his new bride Elizabeth May a summer in Switzerland. They also went to the Isle of Wight.
- 1857 – Collecting and visiting museums in Calais, Rouen, Paris, Strasbourg, Aix, Baden-Baden, Heidelberg, Wiesbaden, Frankfurt, Mainz, Cologne, Brussels, and Antwerp. Most of the time was spent in the Black Forest.
- 1861 – North Devon
- 1863 – In the Lake District
- 1865 – North Wales and Ireland but most of 1865 was spent on the continent, in Paris, Geneva, Lucerne, Interlaken and Altdorf. He again ascended Mount Pilatus and went to Mürren, Kandersteg, Oeschinen See and climbed to the Gemmi Pass.
- 1867 – Col de Voza, Mer de Glace, the Tête Noire Pass on the way from Martigny to Chamonix, Sion, Great St Bernard Pass, Saint-Maurice, Villeneuve and Geneva.
- 1868 – Isle of Man, Holyhead, North Wales including Llanberis.
- 1870 – Llanberis and North Wales.
- 1872 – Rome, Pisa, Lucca, Florence, Naples, Sorrento, Capri, Milan, Venice, Lake Como, Lake Maggiore.
- 1874 – Land's End and Scilly Isles.
Major works
- Monographia Chalciditum. Hypolitus Balliére, 219, Regent Street, London, J. B. Balliére, 13, Rue d' École de Médecine, Paris, J. and G. Weigel, Leipsig
- Insecta Britannica Diptera 3 vols. London
Different views of Walker
An unsigned obituary began "More than twenty years too late for his scientific reputation, and after having done an amount of injury almost inconceivable in its immensity, Francis Walker has passed from among us". Edward Newman, in contrast described him as the "most voluminous and most industrious writer on Entomology this country has ever produced" and said of him "I never met anyone who possessed more correct, more diversified, or more general information, or who imparted that information to others with greater readiness and kindness."
Kenneth G.V. Smith wrote:
Publication list
- 1833. Monographia chalcidum. Entomological Magazine. 1: 455-466.
- 1834. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 2: 13-39.
- 1834. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 2: 148-179.
- 1834. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 2: 286-309.
- 1834. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 2: 340-369.
- 1835. Characters of some undescribed New Holland Diptera. Entomological Magazine. 2: 468-473.
- 1835. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 2: 476-502.
- 1835. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 3: 94-97.
- 1835. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 3: 182-206.
- 1836. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 3: 465-496.
- 1837. Monographia chalciditum. Entomological Magazine. 4: 9-26.
- 1838. Descriptions of British chalcidites. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 1: 307-312.
- 1838. Descriptions of British chalcidites. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 1: 381-387.
- 1839. Monographia Chalciditum. Volume 1. Balliere, London. 333 pp.
- 1839. Monographia Chalciditum. Volume 2. Balliere, London. 100 pp.
- 1843. Description des Chalcidites trouve au bluff de Saint-Jean, dans la Floride orientale; par MM. E. Doubleday et R. Forster. Premier mire. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 1: 145-162.
- 1846. Characters of some undescribed species of chalcidites.. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 17: 177-185.
- 1846. Part I—Chalcidites. Pp. 1–100 In: List of the Specimens of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London. vi + 237 pp.
- 1849. List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part II. Printed by order of the Trustees , London. 231-484 pp.
- 1849. List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part III. Printed by order of the Trustees , London. 485-687 pp.
- 1849. List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part IV. Printed by order of the Trustees , London. 689-1172 pp.
- 1850. Descriptions of aphides.. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6: 41-48.
- 1851. List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part II. British Museum, London. 1188 pp.
- 1852. Diptera. Part I. Pp. 1–75 In: Insecta Saundersiana: Or Characters of Undescribed Species in the Collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Vol. I. John Van Voorst, London. 474 pp.
- 1852. List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part IV. British Museum, London. 1188 pp.
- 1853. Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part II. - Sialides-Nemopterides. British Museum, London. 193-476 pp.
- 1853. Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part III. -. British Museum, London. 477-585 pp.
- 1855. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part V. Lepidoptera Heterocera. British Museum, London. 977-1257 pp.
- 1856. Diptera. Part V. Pp. 415–474 In: Insecta Saundersiana: Or Characters of Undescribed Species in the Collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Vol. I. John Van Voorst, London. 474 pp.
- 1856. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part IX.--Noctuidae. British Museum, London. 1-252 pp.
- 1856. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part X.--Noctuidae. British Museum, London. 253-491 pp.
- 1856. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part VIII.–-Sphingidae. British Museum, London. 1–271 pp.
- 1857. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Singapore and Malacca by Mr. A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 1: 4-39.
- 1857. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo by Mr. A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 1: 105-136.
- 1857: Catalogue of the homopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr. A.R. Wallace, with description of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 1: 141-175.
- 1857. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XIII.--Noctuidae. British Museum, London. 983-1236 pp.
- 1858. Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 2: 202-209.
- 1858. Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects.. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 2: 280-286.
- 1858. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XIV.--Noctuidae. British Museum, London.
- 1858. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XV.--Noctuidae. British Museum, London. 1521-1888 pp.
- 1858. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XVI.--Deltoides. British Museum, London. 1-253 pp.
- 1858. Characters of undescribed Diptera in the collection of W.W. Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., &c. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 4: 190-235.
- 1859. Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects.. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 3: 258-265.
- 1859. Catalogue of dipterous insects collected in the Aru Islands by Mr. A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 3: 77-131.
- 1859. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Makessar in Celebes by Mr. A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 4: 90-172.
- 1859. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XVII.--Pyralides. British Museum, London. 255-508 pp.
- 1859. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XIX.--Pyralides. British Museum, London. 799-1036 pp.
- 1860. . Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Volume: 5, Series 3, Pages: 304-311.
- 1861. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Amboyna by Mr. A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 5: 144-168.
- 1861. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XXII.--Geometrites. British Museum, London. 499-755.
- 1861. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XVIII.--Geometrites. British Museum, London. 757-1020 pp.
- 1862. Catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at Sarawak, in Borneo, by Mr. A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species.. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 6: 171-198.
- 1863. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XXVII. Crambites & Tortricites. British Museum, London. 1-286 pp.
- 1863. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XXVIII. Tortricites & Tineites. British Museum, London. 287-561 pp.
- 1864. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XXIX. Tineites. British Museum, London. 533-835 pp.
- 1864. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XXX. Tineites. British Museum, London. 837-1096 pp.
- 1865. Descriptions of new species of the dipterous insects of New Guinea. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 8: 102-130.
- 1865. Descriptions of new species of the dipterous insects of New Guinea. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 8: 102-130.
- 1865. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XXXII. Supplement.--Part 2. British Museum, London. 323-706 pp.
- 1866. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part XXXIV. Supplement.--Part 4. British Museum, London. 1121-1533 pp.
- 1866. Appendix. A list of mammals, birds, insects, reptiles, fishes, shells, annelides, and Diatomaceae, collected by myself in British Columbia and Vancouver Island, with notes on their habits. . Pp. 309–334 In: John Keast Lord. The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. Richard Bentley, London. 375 pp.
- 1868. Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattariae in the Collection of the British Museum. Printed for the Trustees of the British Museum, London. 239 pp.
- 1869. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Supplement to the Blattariae in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. 1-224 pp.
- 1869. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. Part II. British Museum, London. 225-423 pp.
- 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. Part III. British Museum, London. 425-604 pp.
- 1871. Notes on Chalcidiae. Part I. Eurytomidae. E.W. Janson, London. 1-17 pp.
- 1872. Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in the Collection of the British Museum. 5. Printed for the Trustees of the British Museum, London. 1-202 pp.
General references