Fractional ownership of aircraft


Fractional Aircraft is a common term for fractional ownership of aircraft where multiple owners share the costs of purchasing, leasing and operating the aircraft. Commercial programs for large aircraft include NetJets, Flexjet, PlaneSense, and AirSprint.
With fractional jets, customers buy a "share" of an aircraft, rather than an entire aircraft. The price is pro-rated from the market price of a full aircraft. Owners then have guaranteed access to that plane, or a similar plane in the operators fleet, with as little as four hours' notice. Fractional owners pay a monthly maintenance fee and an "occupied" hourly operating fee. Usually the latter is charged only when an owner or guest is on board, not when the plane is flying to a pick up point, or returning to its home base after completing a flight.
Owners have access to the full fleet of planes and may upgrade or downgrade for specific flights. At the end of the contract the owner can sell their share either back to the company or to another owner waiting for a position, though most companies charge a re-marketing fee to do this.
In addition, similar agreements are made for individual light, general aviation aircraft, where several individuals will purchase and operate their chosen aircraft as an independent group, without going through a commercial operator. If one individual decides sell their share, their shares may then be purchased by the remaining owners or sold outside the group to another individual. As it is subject to whatever terms were in the original contract, the details will vary from group to group.

In Depth

In the commercial system, customers purchase a fraction of an aircraft, alongside numerous, anonymous other individuals. Depending on the company, the aircraft may be split into 16ths or even 32nds of a fractional share. These fractions translate to a number of hours per year, with a full 100% share typically equating to 800 annual hours of usage. Most shares are sold at the 1/16 or 1/8 level.
Although the aircraft are shared, owners are guaranteed access with 4–48 hours' notice, depending on the provider and plan. Providers can offer such short call-out periods by having a fleet of similar aircraft, which are interchanged amongst the owners.
In addition to purchase costs, owners pay a monthly management fee to cover the cost of maintenance, upgrades, hangaring, pilot salaries and training. When using the aircraft, owners are also billed for the actual hours in flight, and a nominal amount for taxiing. The final cost component is fuel, which has a surcharge above the hourly fee to compensate for price volatility.
An owner's share allotment is depleted for actual hours of "occupied flight", plus taxiing, with a 1- to 2-hour minimum. Owners are not charged for any non-occupied flight time that may be required getting the aircraft to them and returning to its home base. This is called variously "deadhead", "positioning", "ferry", or "empty leg" depending on the company.
In addition to the "owned" plane, customers gain access to other planes in the fleet. When desired, they may switch to larger or smaller planes on a set "interchange" formula. Access to a smaller aircraft may be guaranteed, but larger aircraft access may be conditional on the shares owned.
The size of a share may provide additional benefits including:
In the United States, fractional owners and operators are subject to Federal Aviation Regulations, FAR Part 91, Subpart K.

Agreement

Private air travel advisors can be of particular help with navigating and negotiating the so-called "boilerplate" fractional contract.
Owners rarely fly the specific aircraft in which they hold shared title. More likely, they will travel on identical planes in the company's fleet. This is a natural consequence of the fractional model: since many owners "pull" on the same plane, it's likely that "their" plane is either in use by another owner, or that another plane is positioned in a more convenient location for deployment.
This fleet flexibility is one of the key benefits of fractional ownership over full ownership. Owners are never stranded when their plane is in the shop for maintenance, and owners enjoy the luxury of upgrading or downgrading to other fleet aircraft for special trip requirements.
Fractional agreement terms are typically five years, after which owners sell their share back to the company for the then-current fair market value, less a "remarketing fee", typically around 7%. The fee may be waived for renewals. Customers may also lease their share in a variety of configurations, depending on their tax and financial profile. The "fair market value" calculation is a key consideration, and can dominate the overall cost-benefit analysis of the fractional ownership format. Many fractional owners were burned by the volatile market and geopolitical conditions of the early 2000s and the recession in the late 2000s. All contracts should outline an appeals process if the owner disputes the end-of-contract valuation.

Advantage over regular airline services

The original formula for fractional flight is similar to its present incarnation: customers purchase pro rata portions of aircraft that are 100 percent guaranteed to be available. The fractional jet provider then purchases an additional 26 percent of capacity to fulfill that guarantee. These extra planes brings the guarantee to 98 percent statistically. The last 2% of the guarantee represents holidays and other worst-case situations. To close this gap in the guarantee, the company relies on "supplemental lift" from charter—either from affiliated companies, or trusted third-party charter operators. As more client-owners join, a network effect results in a reduction of expensive empty legs: with a critical mass of customers, the theory is that it becomes more likely that a particular trip can be accommodated with minimal deadheading. In reality, it is not clear how many aircraft is required to reach an efficient scale, whether it is 50 aircraft, 400 aircraft, or whether it ever happens.

Track Record

After twenty years, it is unclear that the model works in its current form. The original fractional model anticipated selling planes in 1/4 fractions, rather than the 1/16 or 1/32 fractions that have emerged. Each additional partial owner creates more demand and schedule chaos for each plane, particularly during peak periods. Further, the theory that a growing customer base will reduce empty-legs has proven limited. While there have been some improvements, the best-case "floor" of empty traffic is still above twenty percent of total traffic. Worst case for new operators can approach 50 percent.
According to Halogen Guides, which covered the industry, the initial assumptions underestimated the complexity, overhead costs and peak demands. This has been further impacted by the dramatic popularity of fractional card programs. The card programs place even more owners against each plane; each owner enjoying fully guaranteed access with as little as a single-year, 1/32 share commitment. For instance, a 25-hour Marquis Jet card represents a 1/32 share ownership of a jet in the NetJets fleet. Instead of the original "worst case" of four owners requesting simultaneous Thanksgiving travel, 16–32 may do so for a single plane.
Finally, the burgeoning diversity of structural offerings creates an environment where clients may employ a portfolio of solutions, tapping each alternative depending on the cost profile of each trip. Certain trips can be most economically served by fractional, card or charter. If a client gets to cherry-pick for each trip, the fractional provider typically absorbs the least efficient travel. Partly in response to this, the larger fractional companies now position themselves as "solution providers", and offer fractions, cards, charter and full aircraft management.
According to a 2006 Halogen Guides Jets survey, not one company boasted of sustained bottom-line profitability. Even Warren Buffett's NetJets lost $80 million in 2005, attributed to foreign expansion and U.S. efficiency losses.
During the recession of 2007 to 2009, the largest fractional providers saw significant downturns in their business. NetJets, Flexjet and Flight Options have all reported significant subsequent growth and have added to their fleets. But CitationShares, a unit of aircraft manufacturer Cessna, stopped selling fractional shares in 2012. Avantair, operator of a fleet of 57 Avanti Piaggio P180s, filed for bankruptcy in June 2013.
One strategic thrust has been the introduction of efficiency incentives to better align client behavior with operating efficiency. Some companies have resisted these programs: if fractional's appeal is the simplification of flight, that appeal is reduced when accompanied by a host of special pricing adjustments and incentive programs. Despite this marketing challenge, cost concerns have resulted in numerous efficiency-driven programs.