Four Last Songs
The Four Last Songs, Op. posth., for soprano and orchestra are – with the exception of the song "Malven", composed later the same year – the final completed works of Richard Strauss. They were composed in 1948 when the composer was 84.
The songs are "Frühling", "September", "Beim Schlafengehen" and "Im Abendrot". The title Four Last Songs was provided posthumously by Strauss's friend Ernst Roth, who published the four songs as a single unit in 1950 after Strauss's death.
Strauss died in September 1949. The premiere was given at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 22 May 1950 by soprano Kirsten Flagstad and the Philharmonia Orchestra, conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler.
The work has no opus number, and was published in 1950 after Strauss's death. It is listed as AV 150 in von Asow and Hermann's thematical index, and as TrV 296 in the index of Franz and Florian Trenner.
Background
Strauss had come across the poem Im Abendrot by Joseph von Eichendorff, which he felt had a special meaning for him. He set its text to music in May 1948. Strauss had also recently been given a copy of the complete poems of Hermann Hesse and was strongly inspired by them. He set three of them – Frühling, September, and Beim Schlafengehen – for soprano and orchestra, and contemplated setting two more, Nacht and Höhe des Sommers, in the same manner. He also embarked on a choral setting of Hesse's Besinnung, but laid it aside after the projected fugue became "too complicated".With the exception of the song "Malven" composed later the same year, the songs are Strauss's final completed works.
The overall title Four Last Songs was provided by Strauss's friend Ernst Roth, the chief editor of Boosey & Hawkes, when he published all four songs as a single unit in 1950, and in the order that most performances now follow: "Frühling", "September", "Beim Schlafengehen", "Im Abendrot".
Sequence of the songs
Roth's 1950 published sequence follows neither the order of composition of the songs nor that of the 1950 premiere. Although most recordings adhere to Roth, some stay with Flagstad/Furtwängler – Beim Schlafengehen, September, Frühling, Im Abendrot. The latter include Sena Jurinac's 1951 recording with the Stockholm Philharmonic conducted by Fritz Busch; Lisa Della Casa's 1953 recording with the Vienna Philharmonic under Karl Böhm; and Felicity Lott's 1986 recording with the Royal Scottish National Orchestra under Neeme Järvi. There is no authority because Strauss did not conceive a cycle, but he did entrust the premiere to Flagstad.| Order of composition | Order sung at premiere | Order in published edition |
| "Im Abendrot" | "Beim Schlafengehen" | "Frühling" |
| "Frühling" | "September" | "September" |
| "Beim Schlafengehen" | "Frühling" | "Beim Schlafengehen" |
| "September" | "Im Abendrot" | "Im Abendrot" |
Subject matter
All of the songs but "Frühling" deal with death and all were written shortly before Strauss himself died. They are suffused with a sense of calm, acceptance, and completeness.The settings are for a solo soprano voice given soaring melodies against a full orchestra, and all four songs have prominent horn parts. The combination of a beautiful vocal line with supportive horn accompaniment references Strauss's own life; his wife Pauline de Ahna was a famous soprano and his father Franz Strauss a professional horn player.
Towards the end of "Im Abendrot", after the soprano's intonation of "Ist dies etwa der Tod?", Strauss musically quotes his own tone poem Death and Transfiguration, written 60 years earlier. As in that piece, the quoted seven-note phrase has been seen as the fulfillment of the soul through death.
Instrumentation
The songs are scored for piccolo, 3 flutes, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat and A, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in C, E-flat and F, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, harp, celesta, and strings.Premiere and first recording
One of the last wishes of Richard Strauss was that Kirsten Flagstad be the soprano to introduce the four songs, which he finished in 1948, the year before his death at 85. "I would like to make it possible," he wrote to her, "that should be at your disposal for a world premiere in the course of a concert with a first-class conductor and orchestra."The premiere was given posthumously at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 22 May 1950, sung by Flagstad, accompanied by the Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler. The performance was made possible by a magnanimous effort of the Maharaja of Mysore, Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar Bahudar. Though he could not be present, the music-loving maharaja put up a $4,800 guarantee for the performance, so that the Four Last Songs could be recorded for his large personal collection – then estimated at around 20,000 records – and the recording then shipped to him in Mysore.
The performance was recorded on acetate discs. They became badly worn before the first LP transfer, which was generally considered very poor. Subsequent restorations using modern digital technology were effected in 2007 by Roger Beardsley for Testament Records, and in 2014 by Andrew Rose for Pristine Audio.