Fort H. G. Wright
Fort H. G. Wright was a United States military installation on Fishers Island in the town of Southold, New York, just two miles off the coast of southeastern Connecticut, but technically in New York. It was part of the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound, along with Fort Terry, Fort Michie, and Camp Hero. These forts defended the eastern entrance of Long Island Sound and thus Connecticut's ports and the north shore of Long Island. The fort was named for Union General Horatio G. Wright, a former Chief of Engineers who was born in Clinton, Connecticut.
The fort was first developed in the early 20th century and was active in the First and Second World Wars. After the Second World War, it was deactivated as a coast defense fort.
History
Construction and armament
Fort H. G. Wright was built as part of the large-scale Endicott Program, which recommended a comprehensive replacement of existing coast defenses. The forts were designed and built by the Army Corps of Engineers, the weapons were designed by the Army Ordnance Corps, and the forts were garrisoned by the Coast Artillery Corps. Fort H. G. Wright was the headquarters of the Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound. Construction of gun batteries at Fort H. G. Wright began in 1898. By 1906 the following batteries were completed:| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active |
| Dynamite | 1 | dynamite gun | pedestal | 1898-1904? |
| Clinton | 8 | mortar M1890 | barbette M1896 | 1902-1943 |
| Butterfield | 2 | gun M1895 | disappearing M1897 | 1901-1945 |
| Barlow | 2 | gun M1895 | disappearing M1896 | 1901-1943 |
| Dutton | 3 | gun M1897 | disappearing M1898 | 1902-1944 |
| Hamilton | 2 | gun M1903 | disappearing M1903 | 1905-1917 |
| Marcy | 2 | gun M1903 | disappearing M1903 | 1906-1917 |
| Hoffman | 2 | gun M1902 | pedestal M1902 | 1905-1945 |
| Hoppock | 2 | gun M1903 | pedestal M1903 | 1913-1946 |
Facilities for a nearby underwater minefield were also built. Battery Dynamite, on Race Point at the southwest end of the island, had a 15-inch pneumatic gun firing a dynamite-loaded projectile. It is unclear when this battery was built. This type of weapon was determined to be inferior to conventional guns and was withdrawn from service in 1904. Battery Hoppock was completed in 1905 but does not appear to have been armed until 1913, with guns transferred from Battery Greble at Fort Terry.
In an unusual move, the fort's and guns were replaced in 1911-1914. This was probably due to their use for live-fire practice; the fort's offshore location allowed it to be used more frequently for this than other Northeastern forts. Battery Butterfield's M1895 guns were replaced by the guns of the same model in 1911-12, while Battery Barlow's 10-inch M1895 guns were replaced by M1888 guns in 1914.
World War I
Following the American entry into World War I in April 1917, changes were made at the stateside forts with a view to putting some coast artillery weapons into the fight on the Western Front. The Coast Artillery Corps manned almost all US heavy and railway artillery in that war, with stateside forts reduced to a minimum garrison to provide gun crews in France. The forts were also important as mobilization and training centers. In 1917 the four M1903 guns of Batteries Hamilton and Marcy were removed from the fort, mounted on field carriages, and sent to France. However, a history of the Coast Artillery in World War I states that none of the regiments in France equipped with 6-inch guns completed training in time to see action before the Armistice. A forcewide restructuring of mortar batteries, generally removing half the mortars of each battery to speed reloading, resulted in Battery Clinton losing four of its eight mortars in 1918. In many cases the removed mortars were converted to railway artillery, and this appears to have happened to Battery Clinton's mortars, but none of these were sent to France. None of the removed guns at Fort H. G. Wright were replaced, and in 1920 the carriages were ordered scrapped. A battery of four M1900 guns was proposed for North Hill in 1917, using two guns removed from Fort Terry and two from the nearby Fort Mansfield, but was never built.Between the wars
In 1924 the Coast Artillery Corps adopted a regimental organization, and the 11th Coast Artillery Regiment of the Regular Army was established for Long Island Sound, with headquarters at Fort H. G. Wright, with the 242nd Coast Artillery Regiment of the Connecticut National Guard as the reserve component. In 1936-1937 the fort's and guns were again replaced with weapons of the same model. In 1936 Battery Barlow's guns were replaced by weapons from Fort Wetherill in Rhode Island, and in 1937 Battery Butterfield's guns were also replaced, probably due to their use for live-fire practice. Battery Barlow appears to have been deactivated in 1939, and its guns and carriages were scrapped in 1943. A three-gun anti-aircraft battery, probably armed with the gun M1917, was built in the 1930s. The fort included an airfield, and a balloon hangar existed 1920-1962.World War II
From 1940-1944 the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound were garrisoned by the 11th Coast Artillery of the Regular Army and the 242nd Coast Artillery Regiment of the Connecticut National Guard. Harbor defense in the Long Island Sound area was based on building two gun batteries at Camp Hero in Montauk. Combined with the gun at Fort Michie, these rendered all other heavy guns in the area obsolete. Fort H. G. Wright's and guns, mortars, and the remaining guns of Battery Dutton were scrapped in 1943-1945. As most of the weapons were scrapped, the coast artillery regiments were replaced by the 190th and 242nd coast artillery battalions in 1944. Fort H. G. Wright did receive some new batteries during the war, but the heavier portions of them were never mounted, as the threat from German surface ships was negligible by 1943. A gun battery was completed in 1944 with the guns delivered on Mount Prospect near Wilderness Point, but the guns were never mounted. Two gun batteries were built, one at Race Point in 1943 and one at Wilderness Point in 1944, but only the Race Point battery was armed, with M1903 guns. The Navy operated G-class blimps from the airfield during the war. A naval training school for "indicator loops" operated on the island as well.New World War II batteries at and near the fort included:
| Name | No. of guns | Gun type | Carriage type | Years active | Notes |
| 111 | 2 | Navy gun MkIIMI | barbette | 1944-1947 | Prospect Hill/Wilderness Point, guns delivered 1944 but not mounted |
| 215 | 2 | gun M1903 | shielded barbette | 1943-1946 | Race Point |
| 214 | 2 | gun M1 | shielded barbette | Not armed | Wilderness Point, not armed |
| Hackleman | 2 | gun M1903 | pedestal M1903 | 1944-1946 | North Hill, guns from Battery Hackleman, Fort Constitution |
| AMTB 913 | 4 | 90 mm gun | two fixed T3/M3, two towed | 1943-1946 | In front of Battery Butterfield |
| AMTB 914 | 4 | 90 mm gun | two fixed T3/M3, two towed | 1943-1946 | Goshen Point |
| AMTB 915 | 4 | 90 mm gun | two fixed T3/M3, two towed | 1943-1946 | Pine Island |
| AMTB 916 | 4 | 90 mm gun | two fixed T3/M3, two towed | Not built | East Point |
The Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat batteries listed show their authorized strength, and actual strength may have varied. All of the 90 mm mounts were designed to be dual-purpose. These batteries were also authorized two 40 mm Bofors guns each.