First contact (science fiction)

Overview

Notable examples

• 1897: The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells

• 1901: The First Men in the Moon H. G. Wells

• 1940s: In Fredric Brown's Puppet Show, an obvious and self-proclaimed alien negotiating with humans is actually something else entirely.
• 1945: "First Contact" by Murray Leinster

• 1950s: A classic series of stories using this theme is the "interstellar trader" series by Andre Norton.

• 1960s: A for Andromeda
• 1960s: The god-like Firstborn from Arthur C. Clarke's Time Odyssey series.
• 1960s: The Star Trek television franchise explored the theme in depth and introduced the concept of the Federation's Prime Directive - a law forbidding first contact with any races not sufficiently advanced for such an encounter. The movie ' depicts humanity's first contact with an alien culture, the Vulcan race, in Bozeman, Montana on 5 April 2063 after their attention is attracted by scientist Zefram Cochrane performing humanity's first warp flight. A ' episode "First Contact |First Contact" explored the scenario from the opposite viewpoint when a Human, William Riker, is injured on an alien world while disguised as an inhabitant of the planet's civilization.
• 1961: Solaris
• * A major theme of a number of works of Stanislaw Lem, most famous being Solaris , is the inherent impossibility of meaningful communication with alien races.
• 1968: His Master's Voice

• 1972: The novel The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov explores simultaneously the potential unity of all races, and the possibility of conflict inherent in all first contacts: even as members of different races understand each other, their disparate ways may endanger both their worlds, even the fabric of their respective universes. This gap between individuals and their respective societies is characteristic of the First Contact plot of E.T. Other explorations of the theme in popular culture include encounters with predatory or semi-sentient races as in Alien and Independence Day.
• 1974: Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's The Mote in God's Eye was written to be, in Niven's words, "the epitome of first contact novels". Here it is humanity that plays the role of visiting aliens, as the religious, technological, political, psychological, military, cultural, and biological implications of first contact are explored.
• 1978: Life on Another Planet
• 1977: Close Encounters of the Third Kind
• * The theme of first contact, ranging from friendly collaboration to menace or conflict, has been visualized a number of films and television series. Among the more famous are Steven Spielberg's film Close Encounters of the Third Kind and the television series V.
• 1979: Alien

• More modern treatments, using radio rather than spaceships, include The Hercules Text by Jack McDevitt, Life on Another Planet by Will Eisner, and Contact by Carl Sagan.
• 1980s: By contrast, in the works of Iain M. Banks, the Contact division of the galactic civilization calling itself the Culture frequently manipulates less advanced civilizations, steering them towards peaceful progress, especially those that may become aggressive or dangerous, under the pretext of maintaining the balance of galactic power; a notable exception being the short story The State of the Art, in which the Culture decides not to contact Earth so they can use it as a control against which they can measure their manipulations of other societies. Novels such as The Player of Games and Look to Windward delve into the psychology of first inter-species contact in considerable depth. In the novel Excession, Banks coins the phrase Outside Context Problem in relation to first contact.
• 1980s: Gary Larson occasionally used a humorous version of the theme in his The Far Side comics, such as showing an alien falling down the steps of a flying saucer, thereby ruining a dramatic entrance.
• 1980: The Orion Loop, Soviet film co-written by cosmonaut Alexei Leonov
• 1982: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
• 1982: Nor Crystal Tears
• * Also written from the alien's point of view is the novel Nor Crystal Tears by Alan Dean Foster.
• 1983: V
• 1985: Contact by Carl Sagan.
• 1985: Schismatrix
• 1986: The Hercules Text by Jack McDevitt.
• 1987: Fiasco by Stanisław Lem
• 1987: The Forge of God

• 1990s: Examples of the mutual inscrutability and the potentially unbridgeable gaps between races which—by their very natures—are just too different to bond or even to accept each other, include Stephen Baxter's Xeelee Sequence concept of the dark matter photino birds, the god-like Firstborn from Arthur C. Clarke's Time Odyssey series, and Stanisław Lem's planet Solaris and the events of the novel Fiasco. In other cases, such as Greg Bear's The Forge of God and Anvil of Stars, or Bruce Sterling's Schismatrix, aliens are presented as falling into a highly diverse spectrum, some easily relating with humans, others too alien for meaningful communication.
• 1993: Anvil of Stars
• 1996: Independence Day
• 1997: Contact
• 1998: Story of Your Life by Ted Chiang, made into a film Arrival released in 2016

• 2007: '
• * In the novel ', humanity's first contact with aliens is on a human agricultural colony, where an initially peaceful meeting with an alien alliance known as the Covenant turns violent, eventually resulting in a 27-year war.
• 2007: Mass Effect
• * The backstory of Mass Effect features the First Contact War, caused by an alien military patrol observing a human ship, which was unknowingly breaching galaxy-wide conventions, attacking it and occupying a seemingly poorly defended colony, only to learn of humanity's military prowess in a swift counterattack. The conflict was quickly smothered by the galactic community, but the reputation and bitterness persist until the events of the games.
• 2016: Arrival, film adaptation of the 1998 novelette Story of Your Life'' by Ted Chiang