Fire services in France
The fire service in France is organised into local fire services which mostly cover the Departments of France, with a few exceptions. There are two types of fire service:
- The Paris Fire Brigade and Marseille Naval Fire Battalion are military units providing fire protection to Paris and Marseille.
- The rest of France has civilian fire services organized, supervised and trained by the French Ministry of the Interior; specifically, they fall under the Civil Defence and Security Directorate.
In French, firefighters are known as pompiers or sometimes as sapeurs-pompiers. The latter refers to the military-based Paris Fire Brigade, though it is sometimes informally used for firefighters elsewhere. Pompier comes from the word for "pump", referring to the manual pumps originally used for firefighting. Sapeur means "sapper" and refers to the first official firefighting unit created by Napoleon I which was part of the military engineering arm. Firefighters in the Marseille Marine Fire Battalion are known as marins-pompiers. The usual name of a civilian fire services is a service departmentaux d'incendie et de secours . Young French citizens can fulfill the mandatory service Service national universel in one of the fire brigades.
Organization
The fire service is organized based on the various Departments. Each department has a Service Departmentaux d'Incendie et de Secours responsible for operations within its territory, with a few exceptions:- Paris and the three departments of the petite couronne are covered by the Paris Fire Brigade.
- Bouches-du-Rhône is covered by both the Marseille Naval Fire Battalion and a civilian Bouches-du-Rhône SDIS.
- Lyon Metropolis and Rhône are both covered by the Rhône SDIS, reflecting Rhône's boundaries before 2015.
- Corsica is divided between two fire services, reflecting the departments that existed from 1975 to 2017.
Personnel and rank insignia
- 78% voluntary/call firefighters
- 22% career firefighters, including:
- *17% civilian
- *5% military firefighters
Civilian professional fire fighters are local government civil servants of class A, B, and C. Civil servants class A and B, and their volunteer counterparts, are trained at the National Fire College, École nationale supérieure des officiers de sapeurs-pompiers. Given their military origin, rank insignia follow those of the French Army.
Class C
Professional fire fighters class C are recruited from volunteer fire fighters or youth fire fighters, age 18 or above, with three years service as Sapper without a civil service exam. Corporals can be recruited with a civil service exam open to direct entry candidates who passed middle school, and through a civil service exam open to volunteer fire fighters or youth fire fighters, with three years service. In 2017, Sapeur de 1re classe was abolished and Sapeur de 2e classe was replaced by the rank of Sapeur, except for volunteers whose grades remained unchanged.Promotion to Corporal can occur after three years as Sapper; to Chief Corporal after five years as Corporal. Sergents are selected through a civil service exam open to team leaders. Promotion to Adjudant and Chief Adjudant can occur after four years as Sergeant/Chief Sergeant.
Since 2013, Chief Adjutant is the highest NCO rank of most departments as the rank of Major has been abolished.
| Grade | Insignia | Basic role |
| Sapeur | Team Member | |
| Sapeur de 1re classe | Team Member | |
| Caporal | Team Member Team Leader | |
| Caporal-chef | Team Leader | |
| Sergent | Crew Commander one fire appliance with one team | |
| Sergent-chef | Ditto three years in the grade | |
| Adjudant | Senior Crew Commander one fire appliance with two teams | |
| Adjudant-chef | Ditto three years in the grade |
Sources:
Class B
Professional fire fighters class B are recruited through civil service exams open to direct entry candidates with a foundation degree in engineering, and to fire fighters class C with four years service, leading to employment as Lieutenant 1st class; and through a civil service exam open to fire fighters class C qualified as senior crew commanders, leading to employment as Lieutenant 2nd class. 75% of the promotions from Lieutenant 2nd class to Lieutenant 1st class are through a civil service exam open to Lieutenants 2nd class with three years in the grade; 25 % through selection from Lieutenants 2nd class with five years in the grade. 75 % of the promotions from Lieutenant 1st class to Lieutenant above class are through a civil service exam open to Lieutenants 1st class with three years in the grade; 25 % through selection from Lieutenants 1st class with five years in the grade. Direct entry lieutenants 1st class are undergoing a 32 weeks course at the French Fire College . Lieutenants 2nd class are undergoing a 12-week course at the Fire College, while Lieutenants 1st class promoted from 2nd class, are in addition undergoing a course of 6 weeks.| Grade | Insignia | Basic roles |
| Lieutenant de 2e classe | Incident Commander Bronze/Sector Commander 2-4 crews Station Manager Nine or less professional fire fighters | |
| Lieutenant de 1re classe | Incident Commander Bronze/Sector Commander 2-4 crews Station Manager Ten or more professional fire fighters | |
| Lieutenant hors classe | Incident Commander Bronze/Sector Commander 2-4 crews Station Manager Twenty or more professional fire fighters |
Sources
Class A
Professional fire fighters class A are recruited through civil service exams open to direct entry candidates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, and to fire fighters class B qualified as sector commanders. Commandants are selected through a civil service exam from captains with three years in the grade; lieutenant-colonels from commandants with five years in the grade. Direct entry captains are undergoing a 42-week course, and internal entry captains a 10-week course, at the National Fire College.| Grade | Insignia | Basic roles |
| Capitaine | Incident Commander Silver/Operations Commander 2-4 sectors Station Manager Thirty or more professional fire fighters | |
| Commandant | Incident Commander Gold Incident Commander Silver/Operations Commander 2-4 sectors Area Manager Station Manager Fifty or more professional fire fighters | |
| Lieutenant-colonel | Incident Commander Gold Area Manager Station Manager Hundred or more professional fire fighters |
Sources
Class A+
Professional fire fighters class A+ hold senior management positions, such as brigade manager, deputy brigade manager, or senior expert for the government.Colonels are recruited through civil service exams open to fire fighters class A qualified as area managers. The laureates are undergoing a 32-week course at the National Fire College.
Colonels hors-classe are selected from colonels with four years in the grade; contrôleurs généraux from colonels hors-classe with at least 8 years of experience as brigade manager, senior manager for the government, or similar positions that are listed by a decree.
The contrôleur général insignia has 2 pyres. However, some officers who handle special responsibilities within the government can have a 3 pyres insignia.
| Grade | Insignia | Basic roles |
| Colonel | Brigade Manager Deputy Brigade Manager Incident Commander Gold Area Manager | |
| Colonel hors-classe | Brigade Manager Deputy Brigade Manager Incident Commander Gold Area Manager | |
| Contrôleur général | Brigade Manager Deputy Brigade Manager Incident Commander Gold Area Manager | |
| Contrôleur général | Brigade Manager Deputy Brigade Manager Incident Commander Gold Area Manager |
Sources
Responses
In 2015, the French fire services responded to 4,453,300 incidents, most of which were medical:- Fires 300,700
- Traffic collisions 279,400
- Medical emergencies 3,413,300
- Technologic emergencies 53,200
- Other 406,700