Fakhr al-Din Uthman ibn al-Hajj Yunis Ibn Ma'n also known as Fakhr al-Din I, was the Druzeemir of the Chouf district in southern Mount Lebanon from at least the early 1490s until his death in 1506, during Mamluk rule. He was the head of the Ma'n family, whose emirs controlled the Chouf from 1120. He is credited by an inscription for building a mosque in Deir al-Qamar in 1493. He was briefly imprisoned by the Mamluk authorities in 1505 in relation to his alliance with the Bani al-Hansh clan against the Mamluk-appointed, Druze governor of Beirut. Until modern research by Kamal Salibi most modern historians, including Salibi initially, based their information about Fakhr al-Din on the 19th-century works of local historian Haydar al-Shihabi, who confused him with his grandson, Qurqumaz ibn Yunis, and placed his death in 1544.
The Ma'n family, to which Fakhr al-Din belonged, established itself in the Chouf area in southern Mount Lebanon, where they founded their headquarters at Baaqlin, in 1120. The progenitor of the family had fought against the Crusaders near Antioch and was sent to Mount Lebanon by the Muslim Burid emirs of Damascus to reinforce the position of the Tanukhids in the Gharb area against the Crusaders in Beirut. They formed marital ties with the Tanukhids and were assisted by the Tanukhid Jumayhur Buhtur in building permanent dwellings.
Biography
According to Salibi, Fakhr al-Din was the first Ma'nid "whose historicity is beyond question". He ruled the Chouf in the late Mamluk period until his death in August/September 1506, a decade before the Ottoman conquest. One of Salibi's sources is the Druze chronicler Hamza ibn Ahmad Ibn Sibat, who records that Fakhr al-Din's given name was Uthman, while "Fakhr al-Din" was a laqab meaning "pride of the faith". Ibn Sibat referred to him as the "emir of the Chouf in the region of Sidon" who died in 1506. A 1493 inscription on a mosque in Deir al-Qamar credits "al-Maqarr al-Fakhri Emir Fakhr al-Din Uthman" as its builder and further notes that he was the "son of al-Hajj Yunis ibn Ma'n". Both Fakhr al-Din and his father lived during the era of the prominent Druze reformer Jamal al-Din Abdullah al-Tanukhi, who urged his coreligionists to engage in Muslim religious practices, hence the usage of the honorary titleal-Hajj by Yunis and the construction of a mosque, which were not used by the Druze, by Fakhr al-Din. In the 1490s, Fakhr al-Din entered into an alliance with the Bani al-Hansh, a Sunni Muslim clan that controlled most of the Beqaa Valley at the time. The Bani al-Hansh were at war with the Buhturids led by Jamal al-Din Hajji, the Mamluk-appointed governor of Beirut between the 1490s and 1512. Fakhr al-Din was briefly imprisoned by the Mamluk authorities in 1505, the year the Bani al-Hansh raided Jamal al-Din's soap stockpiles in Beirut. The Mamluks nonetheless held him in high esteem and he was released "covered with honor", according to al-Shidyaq. The latter remarked on Fakhr al-Din's emergence as "the sun setting on the Tanukh emirate and rising on the Ma'n emirate".
Succession
Fakhr al-Din was succeeded by his son Yunis, who according to Ibn Sibat died "a young man of reverence, power, and dignity" in 1511-12. Although Shihabi claimed that a certain "Fakhr al-Din ibn Uthman" was summoned by Sultan Selim I upon his conquest of Mamluk Syria in 1517, the 17th-century Maronite patriarch and historian Istifan al-Duwayhi wrote that it was "Emir Qurqumaz son of Emir Yunis ibn Ma'n" who was actually summoned. Salibi considers it plausible that Yunis, the father of Qurqumaz, was the son of Fakhr al-Din Uthman as it conformed with a widespread Arab tradition in which the eldest son names his eldest son after his father. The chronicle of Duwayhi indicates that Qurqumaz succeeded Yunis and continued to hold the emirate of the Chouf in 1528, though it contains no information about the Chouf emirate between then and 1586, when Shihabi and Shidyaq hold Qurqumaz died. In the assessment of Salibi, Shihabi likely erred in the reconstruction of the Ma'nid family due to the exceptionally long reign of Qurqumaz. Salibi surmises that Qurqumaz succeeded his father while a young child and must have been assisted in ruling the emirate by his close Ma'nid kinsman Alam al-Din Sulayman, who was mentioned by Ibn Sibat as having been imprisoned relatively briefly with Qurqumaz by Janbirdi al-Ghazali, the Ottoman governor of Damascus, in 1518.
