Eva Moskowitz
Eva Sarah Moskowitz is the founder and CEO of the Success Academy Charter Schools. Moskowitz served on City Council representing the Upper East Side from 1999 to 2005. Moskowitz was on a shortlist to be Donald Trump's Secretary of Education, which eventually went to Betsy DeVos.
Early life and education
On March 4, 1964, Moskowitz was born in New York City to Martin, a mathematician, and Anita, an art historian who fled Europe during the Holocaust. She was raised near Columbia University on 118th Street and Morningside Drive in Morningside Heights, Manhattan.Moskowitz graduated from the public magnet Stuyvesant High School in 1982, received a Bachelor of Arts with honors in history from the University of Pennsylvania, and a Ph.D. in American history from Johns Hopkins University with her 1991 dissertation, Naming the Problem: How Popular Culture and Experts Paved the Way For "Personal Politics".
Career
She taught women's history at University of Virginia as a visiting professor of communications and mass culture, at Vanderbilt University as an assistant professor of history, at City University of New York as an assistant professor of history, and chaired the faculty seminar in American studies at Columbia University in 1996–1999, as well as teaching civics at the Prep for Prep school, where she was also the director of public affairs.New York City politics
Moskovitz served on New York City Council as the member for the Upper East Side of Manhattan from 1999 until 2006. Between 2002 and 2004, Moskowitz wrote six laws, including laws on health care and campaign finance reform.Moskowitz's tenure in City County was set against the backdrop of a call for "national education-reform", where she became known as "the reliable scourge of the public-education establishment in New York City."
When Moskowitz first returned to New York after a year in Vanderbilt, she volunteered in Gifford Miller's City Council campaign and served as his field director. When he became speaker in 2002, Miller made Moskowitz the chair of the City's Council Education Committee, where she served until 2005.
In the three years in the position of chair, Moskowitz held over oversight hearings focused on New York City's public school system. While Moskowitz had the support of the Joel Klein, who was Chancellor of the New York City Department of Education from 2002 to 2010, she developed a reputation for being "abrasive" even with those who admired and supported her.
During the hearings, Moskowitz found that New York City's public schools lacked teachers, supplies and facilities to support art and music, that many schools lacked appropriate facilities for physical education, schools were being overcharged for supplies because they were required to use a city-mandated online purchasing system, science education was being "treated with second-class status for decades", there were too few qualified science teachers and insufficient science facilities. that social studies and civics instruction was below par, that only 10 percent of black and Hispanic students were eligible for Regents diplomas, and that parents were being asked to donate basic supplies for basic hygiene, such as toilet paper and paper towels, In 2005, approximately 30 students appeared at a hearing to testify about school conditions including complaints about filthy bathrooms and broken toilets.
United Federation of Teachers members were "enraged" by the 2003 City Council hearings on teachers' contracts, seniority rights, work rules and on other education issues. When she ran for the Democratic party nomination to be the Manhattan Borough President to succeed C. Virginia Fields, under a campaign emphasizing education and transportation issues, she lost—partly because of the strong UFT opposition, who campaigned for Scott Stringer.
Success Academy Charter Schools
The first Success Academy Charter School opened in 2006, with Moskowitz serving as Principal. There were 165 students. The school was co-located in a building in Harlem with two other zoned district public schools. According to the StartUp, Moskowitz had succeeded in closing the achievement gap with "disadvantaged kids performing on par with the very top tier public-school students" in New York in standardized tests as required by the New York State Education Department for students in grades three and eight. With these unprecedented test scores, Moskowitz earned the support of the media, wealthy donors, including Wall Street hedge fund executives, and those with political power, such New York's Governor, David Paterson, and Mayor Bloomberg, who said that the Harlem Success Academy was "the poster child for this country." President Barack Obama considered charter schools to be a "crucial component of education reform". In March 2010, The Economist said that Harlem was the "ground zero of the charter-school movement".The day after her electoral defeat on September 15, 2005, Moskowitz met with Petry and Greenblatt who convinced her to lead their proposed charter school network. They became the Success Academy network's "founding funders" starting with Harlem Success Academy. In 2008, three more schools opened.
By 2012, Success Academy Charter School Inc. had over "eight and a half million dollars in savings and temporary cash investments in 2012, and it spent at least 1.3 million dollars on outreach and consulting services." In the 2010 fiscal year, Success Charter Network has raised $4.8 million from private funding along public funds from three levels of government. By 2010, charter schools had become a "favorite cause of many of the founders of New York hedge funds, such as Anchorage Capital Partners, Greenlight Capital, and Pershing Square Capital Management with over $15 billion assets under management, who could "wield" their fortunes as members of Democrats for Education Reform, to "influence educational policy in Albany." and push for education reform. These wealthy hedge fund executives provided a significant "political counterweight to the powerful teachers unions" who opposed charter schools. Joe Williams, author of Cheating Our Kids: How Politics and Greed Ruin Education, was DFER's CEO.
In 2015, hedge fund manager John Paulson, a major Trump ally, donated $8.5 million to Success. By December 2017, Success Academy included 45 schools, with schools in every borough of New York except Staten Island, with 17,000 students. According to a 2017 article in New Yorker, "Moskowitz said that, she hoped to be running 100 schools, "within a decade".
Controversy
In an October 2015, PBS News Hour feature, PBS special correspondent for education, John Merrow, on New York City's "high-profile charter schools network". A representative of a Success Academy charter school that shares the same building with a zoned public school in Brooklyn, New York, said that they did use out-of-school suspension for "their scholars" who are kindergartners and first graders. In 2014, in one school alone, 44 out-of-school suspensions were issued to 203 kindergartners and first graders. Success Academy is a "very structured environment" with "very high academic and behavioral expectations for our scholars". A mother and her son, who was a student at the school, described the negative impact of theses suspensions and how this led her to transfer her son to another school. In response to the criticism, Moskowitz wrote a detailed letter which included the young boy's school records—and his offenses. Moskowitz sent the letter to PBS, to education reporters, posted it on the Success website, and included it in her 2017 book. Making the boy's school record public was a violation of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.In 2017, hedge fund manager and Success Academy network board chair Daniel Loeb compared Democratic State Senate leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins, a black woman, to a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Moskowitz retained Loeb as chairman after he deleted the post and apologized, stating that “charter school opponents are now trying to seize upon this incident.”
In Midtown Manhattan June 2018, students from Success Academy's new flagship high school, took to the streets to protest Moskovitz's policies, including the "no excuses" disciplinary policies. They chanted, "Say our names, not our test scores." In January 2018, Moskowitz—who was concerned the high school's principal and teachers were not being strict enough—"installed her desk in the high school hallway and implemented tougher sanctions on students." As the number of new rules and severity of the consequences, increased, the students organized their first protest in the high school itself. These students and their parents had been attending protests against the Mayor of New York, organized by Moskowitz, for years. Moskowitz removed some rules and decreased the punishments. Gimlet described the final year of the first Success Academy's graduation class, as "very tumultuous" and "chaotic." At the end of the school year, Moskowitz faced the ire of some parents during a school meeting. Some of them were expressed feelings of guilt, worry and alarm at what was happening to their teenagers. One raised concerns about the school's "mean culture", that is in the "fabric of our school system", in another about "the harsh way" that "teachers talk to kids". They worry about the "emotional impact it may have." However, not all parents agreed.
By 2019, according to The Washington Post, the Success Academy network of 47 schools serving 17,000 students, is the "highest-performing and most criticized educational institution in New York", and perhaps in the United States.
Charter school advocacy
In December 2014, Moskowitz said that public education in the U.S. is lacking in rigor. She said that children must be challenged, as well as engaged, in order for them to want to be at school.In her May 15, 2015 acceptance speech of the Manhattan Institute's Alexander Hamilton Award, Moskowitz promoted "school choice" or the "right to choose", which was first proposed in 1955. Moskowitz praised the use of tax credits as a powerful tool that allows parents' to "vote with their feet."
Moskowitz believes that many underestimate the aptitude of inner city low-income students, She said, "We simply do not believe that because children are low income or come from certain neighborhoods that they cannot achieve at the highest levels."
Another approach that Moskowitz uses in Success Academy schools, is the implementation of the broken windows theory, popularized in the 1990s as a policing method by Rudy Giuliani and Bill Bratton. The theory has been criticized for the resulting over-criminalization of communities of color. In every Success school there is a special business operations manager team of several full-time staff, who are responsible for "everything non-instructional", such as maintenance of the school and courtyard. The BOS team undertake multiple "walkthroughs" to ensure that the schools' "coherent culture" with "bright, cheerful, well lit, inviting", and "warm" physical surroundings.
Moskowitz said that there is a need for more charter schools with socio-economic and racial diversity, which includes opening more charter schools in affluent districts. She described New York City schools as "shockingly segregated".
In an interview with MarketWatch, Moscowitz said that education was "mostly a state and local matter" and she would continue to focus on "reimagining public education", which she calls, "one of the most important civil rights issues of our time."
By 2019, the charter school movement the statewide cap on new charters was near capacity.
Conflict with New York City
Moskowitz has been in a battle with Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio since they both served on the New York City Council. In 2018, the New York Daily News called it a "long-running war between Moskowitz and New York's charter-skeptic mayor. Under Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the number of charter schools in New York increased from 17 charter schools in 2002, to 183 in 2013.In a November 28, 2011 interview with the New York Daily News Editorial Board, Moskowitz "spoke passionately of the need to create more great schools with the help of a reform-minded administration" in the Mayor's office. By November 2011, Moskowitz was concerned about Bloomberg's potential replacement in the 2013 mayoral election. At that time de Blasio was already dubbed a "dedicated obstructionist" of the charter schools, by the Daily News. Bloomberg had proven to be a "zealous education reformer" and a strong effective advocate for charter schools in the City. By 2011, Moskowitz already had "opened nine high-performing charter schools" and had five more schools that she was preparing for opening. She told the Daily News that she was considering running for the office of mayor.
Moskowitz's opposition to de Blasio intensified as she advocated for an end to caps on charter schools in general, and for Success Academy in particular. During his mayoral campaign de Blasio, in June 2013, said that he would end the policy of providing free rent for charter schools that shared buildings with district zoned public schools run by the Department of Education. Charter schools, such as Success Academy are co-housed with public schools and have access to utilities, janitorial services, and school-safety officials for free. De Blasio, said that he would end free rent for some co-located charter schools. Charter schools are "publicly funded but autonomously owned and operated, accountable for results but largely free of government oversight". Charter schools can "add revenue from private sources, lengthen their academic day and year," and "create their own curricula". De Blasio, who had served on City of New York's Council Education Committee with Moskowitz for four years, singled out Success Academy in his comments.
De Blasio is a strong supporter of teachers unions, whereas charter schools can "hire—and fire—nonunionized teachers at will." By 2014, only about 12 percent of the charter schools were unionized.
De Blasio's stance against charter schools was just one aspect of what was described as a "popular rebellion against corporate-friendly policies that had dominated New York for decades."
As New York Mayor, de Blasio announced in March 2014, that he was disapproving three of Success Academy's co-locations that had been approved under his predecessor, Bloomberg, due to concerns of placing young children in high schools or displacing special needs public school students. Some in the media called this de Blasio's war on charter schools and minority students. Moskowitz, who was called one of de Blasio's "fiercest critics", closed all of 22 Success Academy schools on March 4, 2013 and encouraged the staff, students to participate in "the largest civic field trip in history" with "thousands of students, parents and teachers" rallying in Albany, the state capital. Moskowitz was criticized for seeking the support of hedge fund managers and other influential financial leaders on Wall Street in her fight against de Blasio. Moskowitz, along with the allied charter school PAC StudentsFirst, contributed over $4 million to New York State Senate Republican campaigns, helping them maintain control of the chamber, to foster legislation for further privatization.
Moskowitz founded and directs the Great Public Schools Political Action Committee that supports charter schools, following an election in which a pro-Success Academy candidate lost. In the 2011–2012, the Great Public Schools gave $50,000 to Andrew Cuomo 2014, Inc.
Selected publications and films
In 1993, Moskowitz wrote, produced and directed the VHS-only Some Spirit in Me, which examined the feminist movement from non-prominent activists. In 1996 she published a Journal of Women's History article on the work of Betty Friedan. In 2001, Moskowitz released the book In Therapy We Trust. The book argued that the American emphasis on self-fulfillment damages civic engagement. In 2012, she co-authored Mission Possible: How the Secrets of the Success Academies Can Work in Any School with Arin Lavinia. In 2017, HarperCollins published her memoir, The Education of Eva Moskowitz.In 2010, Moskowitz was featured in the documentaries The Lottery and Waiting for "Superman", which followed students applying to Success Academy as well as protests and legal disputes associated with charter schools.