The Eurasian bullfinch, common bullfinch or bullfinch is a small passerine bird in the finch family, Fringillidae. In Anglophone Europe it is known simply as the bullfinch, as it is the original bird to bear the name bullfinch.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Eurasian bullfinch was listed in 1758 by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial nameLoxia pyrrhula. The Latin word pyrrhula comes from the Greek πυρρός, a 'worm eating bird' that is mentioned by Aristotle. The Latin name for the species had been used by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his Historiae animalium of 1555. The closest relatives of the bullfinches are in the genus Pinicola.
Caucasian bullfinch Derjugin & Bianchi, 1900 – Turkey, the Caucasus and northwestern Iran
Caspian bullfinchWitherby, 1908 – Azerbaijan and northern Iran
Baikal bullfinchCabanis, 1872 – Siberia, northeastern Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China
Cassin's bullfinch S.F. Baird, 1869 – the Russian Far East and northeastern China
grey-bellied bullfinchLafresnaye, 1841 – the Russian Far East, China, Korea and Japan
The Azores bullfinch, previously regarded as a subspecies of the Eurasian bullfinch, is now recognised as a separate species.
Description
The Eurasian bullfinch is a bulky bull-headed bird. The upper parts are grey; the flight feathers and short thick bill are black; as are the cap and face in adults, and the white rump and wing bars are striking in flight. The adult male has red underparts, but females and young birds have grey-buff underparts. It moults between July and October, but males do not have the duller autumn plumage that is typical of some other finches. The song of this unobtrusive bird contains fluted whistles, and is often described as 'mournful'.
Distribution and habitat
This bird breeds across Europe and temperate Asia. It is mainly resident, but many northern birds migrate further south in the winter. Mixed woodland with some conifers is favoured for breeding, including parkland and gardens.
Behaviour and ecology
This species does not form large flocks outside the breeding season, and is usually seen as a pair or family group.
Breeding
It builds its nest in a bush,, mature stands of scrub, or tree, laying four to seven eggs. It is peculiar among the Passeriformes for having spermatozoa with a rounded head and a blunt acrosome.
Feeding
The food is mainly seeds and buds of fruit trees, which can make it a pest in orchards: in England, for centuries every parish paid a bounty for every Eurasian bullfinch killed. Ash and hawthorn are favoured in autumn and early winter. If wild bird cover is planted for it, kale, quinoa and millet are preferred, next to tall hedges or woodland.
