In Japanese architecture, an or is an edging strip of non-tatami-matted flooring, usually wood or bamboo. The ens may run around the rooms, on the outside of the building, in which case they resembles a porch or sunroom. Usually, the en is outside the translucent papershōji, but inside the storm shutters. However, some en run outside the amados. Ens that cannot be enclosed by amados, or sufficiently sheltered by eaves, must be finished to withstand the Japanese climate. Modern architecture often encloses an en with sheet glass. An engawa allows the building to remain open in the rain or sun, without getting too wet or hot, and allows flexible ventilation and sightlines. The area under an engawa is sloped away from the building, and often paved, to carry the water away. The area directly outside the paving is usually a collector drain that takes water still further away. The engawa is thus a way to bridge the obstacles good drainage puts between the indoors and the outdoors.
Structure
The engawa is supported on posts, identical to the other uprights of the house. A row of uprights runs long the inside of the engawa, and the shoji sliding screens run between these; a second row of uprights runs along the outside of the engawa. The posts traditionally stand on half-buried stones, pounded into the earth with a specialized maul, and the wood posts shaped to fit the upper surface. More recent houses may use concrete footings. The engawa floor may not be finished, or it may be polished or lacquered.
Terminology
En means an edge; gawa a side. The terms en and engawa were historically used interchangeably, but engawa now generally refers to the veranda directly outside the shutters. Types of en include:
Positional terms
, an inner en, possibly enclosed
, an en set one step below the floor inside it
, literally a "wet en", an en protruding from under the eaves and not protected by amado.
If there are fewer than three ens, an en may be described by more than one of the positional terms.
Structural terms
, a wrap-around en, often a wrap-around veranda
, a en with boards running across its width
, a en with boards running along its length
, a veranda with a slatted floor for better drainage
, a bamboo sunoko-en
Relation to other house components
The core of a traditional Shinden-style building was the innermost room or . This was surrounded by the, which was on the same level, and was usually inside the windows and shitomi storm shutters. The hisashi was often a ring of tatami-floored rooms, but could be an unmatted en; see also. In a large building, there could be further layers of tatami-floored rooms, courtyards, and further floorplan complications. In Shoin-style buildings, the positioning of the engawa varied more, and the storm shutters slid rather than being hinged. The modern Sukiya-style of building uses amado, storm shutters that not only slide but pack away in a cupboard called a to-bukura by day; unlike the Shoin-style shutter, these generally run on the outside of the engawa. The width of an engawa varies with the building; 1-1.3m is common, while large temples may have over three meters of engawa. The engawa is supported on posts, identical to the other uprights of the house. The posts stand on half-buried stones or concrete footings.
Cultural role
Engawas are often proportioned so that one can sit on the edge and observe the garden. They provide a space for playing children and casual visitors. An engawa is part of the house, and shoes are therefore not worn on it. Guests' shoes are lined up pointing outwards. While engawas declined with the Westernization of Japanese architecture, they are making a comeback in modern architecture.
