Engan languages The Engan , or more precisely Enga – Southern Highland languages are a small family of Papuan languages of the highlands of Papua New Guinea . The two branches of the family are rather distantly related, but were connected by Franklin and Voorhoeve.Name The name "Engan" is often restricted to the northern branch of the family, to those languages transparently related to Enga, but also sometimes to the family as a whole.Languages The languages fall into three quite distinct branches: Engan proper, Huli , and Southern Highlands: The Engan family constitutes a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross , but the evidence for this is weak. There are a considerable number of resemblances with Wiru . Borrowing has not been ruled out as the reason for this, though the pronouns are similar as well.Phonemes Usher reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows: Vowels are *i *e *a *o *u.Pronouns Pronouns are easy to reconstruct for the northern and southern branches, but much more difficult for Engan as a whole. Ross has the following for the singular, Wiru has been added for comparison: Usher has not yet published reconstruction of Engan as a whole, but has done Engan proper:Evolution The Enga-Kewa-Huli reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea etyma, if Engan languages are indeed members of the Trans-New Guinea family, are: Enga:mona ‘heart’ < *mundunyaka ‘bird’ < *yakalyaŋa ‘ashes’ < *laaŋaŋa ‘baby < *ŋaŋama ‘mother’ < *amkuri ‘bone’ < *kondaCkare ‘ear’ < *kandk ‘father’ < *apa iti ‘hair’ < *iti endo ‘fire’ < *kendp lema ‘louse’ < *niman kana ‘moon’ < *takVn mana ‘instructions’ < *mana kitama ‘morning’ < *ktuma kumi- ‘die’ < *kumV- re- ‘speak’ < *nde- maa ‘taro’ < *mV ita ‘tree’ < *inda Huli:ega ‘bird’ < *yaka na- ‘eat’ < *na- aba ‘father’ < *apa iri ‘hair’ < *iti ira ‘tree’ < *inda ma ‘taro’ < *mV Kewa:ama ‘mother’ < *am ibi ‘name’ < *imbi iri ‘hair’ < *iti uni ‘bone’ < *kwanjaC apu ‘tail’ < *au lema ‘louse’ < *niman oma ‘die’ < *kumV- reka- ‘stand’ < *tkV- la- ‘talk’ < *nde- maa ‘taro’ < *mV yaa ‘bird’ < *yaka Mendi:am ‘mother’ < *am ap ‘father’ < *apa mbi ‘name’ < *imbi ome-'' ‘die’ < *kumV-Vocabulary Basic vocabulary of Enga and Kewa from William A. Foley :
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