Energy in Kenya


This article describes energy and electricity production, consumption, import and export in Kenya. Kenya's current effective installed electricity capacity is 2,651 MW, with peak demand of 1,912 MW, as of November 2019. At that time, demand was rising at a calculated rate of 3.6 percent annually, given that peak demand was 1,770 MW, at the beginning of 2018. Electricity supply is mostly generated by renewable sources with the majority coming from geothermal power and hydroelectricity.
Just until recently the country lacked significant domestic reserves of fossil fuel. The country has over the years had to import substantial amounts of crude oil and natural gas. This might change with the discovery of oil reserves in Kenya, which relied on oil imports to meet about 42 percent of its energy needs in 2010. As of the end of June 2016, 55% of Kenyans were connected to the National grid, which is one of the highest connection rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. Per capita consumption in domestic households however, remains low.

Electricity

Renewable energy

Kenya is currently the largest producer of geothermal energy in Africa. It is one of two countries in Africa that produce geothermal energy, the other being Ethiopia. In 2010, geothermal energy accounted for almost 20 percent of Kenya's total electricity generation. The country has the potential to produce 10,000 megawatts of geothermal-powered electricity, according to Kenya's state-owned Geothermal Development Company. Total renewable energy capacity is at 60%, with most coming from Hydro-Power. In July 2019, Kenya opened Lake Turkana Wind Power which is the largest wind power plant in Africa. This project is part of the country's ambitious plan of reaching 100% green energy by 2020.

Hydroelectric power

Utilities

The bulk of electricity is transmitted by Kenya Electricity Transmission Company.
In Kenya, there are plans by the government of Kenya, to end the monopoly of the electricity distribution market; but until that happens, power distribution is only held by one company; Kenya Power and Lighting Company.
However, Kenya Electricity Generating Company, is responsible for generating approximately 90% of installed capacity. Independent Power Producers are responsible for about 10% of installed capacity. The following IPPs are active in Kenya: Westmont AEP Energy Africa OrPower4 Kenya Limited Tsavo Power Company Aggreko
Africa Geothermal International

Consumption

The biggest consumer of electricity in Kenya is Kenya Pipeline Company, followed by Bamburi Cement. As of July 2018, of the 6.5 million Kenya Power's customers, 5 percent or 348,459, were commercial customers. Of these, the largest 6,000, were responsible for 60 percent of the national power consumption, averaging in excess of 15,000 electricity units per month. Peak consumption around 1,830 MW often occurs 1940hrs while baseload of about 900MW happens at 3:30am. Average electricity consumption per citizen is 167 kilowatt hours per year. From November 2018, households and businesses consuming less than 100 kWh/month pay a subsidized rate of Sh10/kWh.

Future

Projected generation mix according to nuclear agency

OBS: Not official plan
SourceCapacity Capacity %
Geothermal5,53026%
Nuclear4,00019%
Coal2,72013%
GT-NG2,34011%
MSD1,9559%
Imports2,0009%
Wind2,0369%
Hydro1,0395%
Total21,620100%

Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP)

Seven countries came together because they saw mutual benefit in having one power pool. The original countries were: Burundi Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda and Sudan.
Later, more countries joined the pool, including: Tanzania Libya Djibouti and Uganda.
The objective of the Eastern Africa Power Pool is to increase the volume and reduce the cost of electricity supply in Kenya; and to provide revenues to Ethiopia through the export of electricity from Ethiopia to Kenya. The process of connecting the Ethiopian grid to the Kenyan grid is underway via the Sodo–Moyale–Suswa High Voltage Power Line.
Kenya also plans to be connected to the South African grid, through Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. That process is also underway as of July 2018, via the Isinya–Singida High Voltage Power Line.

Geothermal power

Geothermal power plants, which convert steam generated from hot rocks deep underground into electricity, have a prominent place in Kenya's overarching development plans. These include the Vision 2030, the NCCAP, and the current ‘5000+ MW in 40 months initiative’. Geothermal power has the potential to provide reliable, cost-competitive, baseload power with a small carbon footprint, and reduces vulnerability to climate by diversifying power supply away from hydropower, which currently provides the majority of Kenya's electricity. Kenya has set out ambitious targets for geothermal energy. It aims to expand its geothermal power production capacity to 5,000 MW by 2030, with a medium-term target of installing 1887 MW by 2017. As of October 2014, Kenya has an installed geothermal capacity of approximately 340 MW. Although there is significant political will and ambition, reaching these ambitions is a major challenge.
Kenya Electricity Generating Company and Geothermal Development Company aim at raising the country's geothermal output from the current 593 MW, to 1 GW by the year 2018 and 5 GW to the grid by 2030.

Nuclear power

In 2017, the Kenya Nuclear Electrification Board estimated that a 1,000 MW nuclear plant could be operational by 2027 and cost Ksh500-600 billion located at either the Indian Ocean, Lake Victoria or Lake Turkana.
In September 2010 former Energy and Petroleum Ministry PS Patrick Nyoike announced, that Kenya aimed to build a 1,000 MW nuclear power plant between 2017–2022.
For Kenya to achieve middle-income status, Nyoike viewed nuclear energy as the best way to produce safe, clean, reliable and base load electricity. The projected cost using South Korean technology was US$3.5 billion.

Petroleum

Consumption

In 2017, Kenya consumed, of diesel fuel. The same year, the country used, of refined petrol. The monthly figures are 213 million litres of diesel, 150 million litres petrol, and 39 million litres kerosene.

Imports

In 2011, Kenya imported about per day of crude oil entirely from the United Arab Emirates, according to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Kenya imported per day of refined oil products in 2011, according to KNBS. Kenya has a product pipeline system that transports petroleum products from Mombasa to inland areas.
Kenya had one of the largest crude oil refineries in East Africa, the per day Mombasa refinery. The refinery typically operated below capacity and processed Murban heavy crude from Abu Dhabi and other heavy Middle-Eastern crude grades. The refinery was shut down in February 2016.

Reserves

In 2012 oil was discovered in Kenya. As of May 2016, proven reserves were estimated at 766 million barrels. This puts Kenya ahead of Uzbekistan in the global rankings. Tullow Oil, one of the companies prospecting for oil in the country, is of the opinion that the national reserves are in excess of 1 billion barrels.

Production

After the collapse of negotiations to build the Uganda-Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline, Kenya began to make plans to build the Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline on its own, expected in 2022. Turkana oil is expected to be produced at per day, so Kenya expects not to build an oil refinery, as that would require per day to operate commercially.

Challenges

Fuelwood demand in the country is 3.5 million tonnes per year while its supply is 1.5 million tonnes per year. The massive deficit in fuelwood supply has led to high rates of deforestation in both exotic and indigenous vegetation resulting in adverse environmental effects such as desertification, land degradation, droughts and famine.

Carbon emissions

Kenya emits.03 percent of the world carbon dioxide, which is about 12.62.