Emergency medical technician


Emergency medical technician and ambulance technician are terms used in some countries to denote a health care provider of emergency medical services. EMTs are clinicians, trained to respond quickly to emergency situations regarding medical issues, traumatic injuries and accident scenes.
Not all ambulance personnel are EMTs however, and the term is sometimes used informally to refer to ambulance personnel in-general. In English-speaking countries, there is an official distinction between EMTs and paramedics, in which paramedics have additional educational requirements, qualifications, and scope of practice.
EMTs are most commonly found working in ambulances, but should not be confused with "ambulance drivers" or "ambulance attendants" – ambulance staff who in the past were not trained in medical care. EMTs are often employed by private ambulance services, municipal EMS agencies, governments, hospitals, and fire departments. EMTs provide medical care under a set of protocols, which are typically written by a physician.
Some EMTs are paid employees, while others are volunteers.

Hazard controls

EMTs are exposed to a variety of hazards such as lifting patients and equipment, treating those with infectious disease, handling hazardous substances, and transportation via ground or air vehicles. Employers can prevent occupational illness or injury by providing safe patient handling equipment, implementing a training program to educate EMTs on job hazards, and supplying PPE such as respirators, gloves, and isolation gowns when dealing with biological hazards.
Infectious disease has become a major concern, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, the CDC and other governmental agencies and organizations have issued guidance regarding workplace hazard controls for COVID-19. Some specific recommendations include modified call queries, symptom screening, universal PPE use, hand hygiene, physical distancing, and stringent disinfection protocols. Research on ambulance ventilation systems found that aerosols often recirculate throughout the compartment, creating a health hazard for EMTs when transporting sick patients capable of airborne transmission. Unidirectional airflow design can better protect workers.

Canada

There is considerable degree of inter-provincial variation in the Canadian paramedic practice. Although a national consensus identifies certain knowledge, skills, and abilities as being most synonymous with a given level of Paramedic practice, each province retains ultimate authority in legislating the actual administration and delivery of emergency medical services within its own borders. For this reason, any discussion of Paramedic Practice in Canada is necessarily broad, and general. Specific regulatory frameworks and questions related to Paramedic practice can only definitively be answered by consulting relevant provincial legislation, although provincial Paramedic Associations may often offer a simpler overview of this topic when it is restricted to a province-by-province basis.
In Canada, the levels of paramedic practice as defined by the National Occupational Competency Profile are: Emergency Medical Responder, Primary Care Paramedic, Advanced Care Paramedic, and Critical Care Paramedic.
Regulatory frameworks vary from province to province, and include direct government regulation to professional self-regulating bodies, such as the Alberta College of Paramedics. In Alberta, for instance, only someone registered with the Alberta College of Paramedics can call themselves a Paramedic; the title is legally protected. Almost all provinces have moved to adopting the new titles, or have at least recognized the NOCP document as a benchmarking document to permit inter-provincial labour mobility of practitioners, regardless of how titles are specifically regulated within their own provincial systems. In this manner, the confusing myriad of titles and occupational descriptions can at least be discussed using a common language for comparison sake.

Emergency medical responder

Most providers that work in ambulances will be identified as 'Paramedics' by the public. However, in many cases, the most prevalent level of emergency pre-hospital care is that which is provided by the emergency medical responder. This is a level of practice recognized under the National Occupational Competency Profile, although unlike the next three successive levels of practice, the high number of EMRs across Canada cannot be ignored as contributing a critical role in the chain of survival, although it is a level of practice that is least comprehensive, and is also generally not consistent with any medical acts beyond advanced first-aid and oxygen therapy, administration of ASA, I.M. epinephrine and glucagon, oral glucose and administration of intranasal Narcan with the exception of automated external defibrillation.

Primary care paramedic

Primary care paramedics are the entry-level of paramedic practice in Canadian provinces. The scope of practice includes performing semi-automated external defibrillation, interpretation of 4-lead ECGs, administration of Symptom Relief Medications for a variety of emergency medical conditions, performing trauma immobilization, and other fundamental basic medical care. Primary Care Paramedics may also receive additional training in order to perform certain skills that are normally in the scope of practice of Advanced Care Paramedics. This is regulated both provincially and locally, and ordinarily entails an aspect of medical oversight by a specific body or group of physicians. This is often referred to as Medical Control, or a role played by a base hospital. For example, in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador, many paramedic services allow Primary Care Paramedics to perform 12-lead ECG interpretation, or initiate intravenous therapy to deliver a few additional medications.

Advanced care paramedic

The Advanced care paramedic is a level of practitioner that is in high demand by many services across Canada. However, Quebec only utilizes this level of practice in a very limited fashion as part of a pilot program in Montreal. The ACP typically carries approximately 20 different medications, although the number and type of medications may vary substantially from region to region. ACPs perform advanced airway management including intubation, surgical airways, intravenous therapy, place external jugular IV lines, perform needle thoracotomy, perform and interpret 12-lead ECGs, perform synchronized and chemical cardioversion, transcutaneous pacing, perform obstetrical assessments, and provide pharmacological pain relief for various conditions. Several sites in Canada have adopted pre-hospital fibrinolytics and rapid sequence induction, and prehospital medical research has permitted a great number of variations in the scope of practice for ACPs. Current programs include providing ACPs with discretionary direct 24-hour access to PCI labs, bypassing the emergency department, and representing a fundamental change in both the way that patients with S-T segment elevation myocardial infarctions are treated, but also profoundly affecting survival rates, as well as bypassing a closer hospitals to get an identified stroke patient to a stroke centre.

Critical care paramedic

Critical care paramedics are paramedics who generally do not respond to 9-1-1 emergency calls, with the exception of helicopter "scene" calls. Instead they focus on transferring patients from the hospital they are currently in to other hospitals that can provide a higher level of care. CCPs often work in collaboration with registered nurses and respiratory therapists during hospital transfers. This ensures continuity of care. However, when acuity is manageable by a CCP or a registered nurse or respiratory therapist is not available, CCPs will work alone. Providing this care to the patient allows the sending hospital to avoid losing highly trained staff on hospital transfers.
CCPs are able to provide all of the care that PCPs and ACPs provide. That being said, CCPs significantly lack practical experience with advanced skills such as IV initiation, peripheral access to cardiovascular system for fluid and drug administration, advanced airway, and many other techniques. While a PCP and ACP may run 40–50 medical codes per year, a CCP may run 1–2 in an entire career. IV/IO starts are nearly non-existent in the field and for this reason CCPs are required to attend nearly double the amount of time in classroom situations or in hospital to keep current. In addition to this, they are trained for other skills such as medication infusion pumps, mechanical ventilation, and arterial line monitoring.
CCPs often work in fixed and rotary wing aircraft when the weather permits and staff are available, but systems such as the Toronto EMS Critical Care Transport Program work in land ambulances. ORNGE Transport operates both land and aircraft in Ontario. In British Columbia, CCPs work primarily in aircraft with a dedicated Critical Care Transport crew in Trail for long-distance transfers and a regular CCP street crew stationed in South Vancouver that often also performs medevacs, when necessary.

Training

Paramedic training in Canada varies regionally; for example, the length of training may be eight months in British Columbia or two to four years in Ontario, Alberta, and Quebec. The nature of training and how it is regulated, like actual paramedic practice, varies from province to province.

Republic of Ireland

Emergency Medical Technician, Paramedic and Advanced Paramedic are legally defined and protected titles in the Republic of Ireland based on the standard set down by the Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council. Emergency Medical Technician is the entry-level standard of practitioner for employment within the ambulance service. Currently, EMT's are authorized to work on non-emergency ambulances only as the standard for emergency calls is a minimum of a two-Paramedic crew, although this minimum requirement was relaxed to and EMT - paramedic crew during the COVID 19 crisis. EMT's are a vital part of the private, voluntary and auxiliary services where a practitioner must be on board any ambulance in the process of transporting a patient to hospital.

United Kingdom

'Emergency Medical Technician' is a term that has existed for many years in the United Kingdom, but has no single defined scope. They may also be known as 'EMT', 'Ambulance Technician' or simply, 'Technician'. Most Emergency Medical Technicians hold an Institute for Healthcare Development Ambulance Technician certificate and are employed in private ambulance companies or in National Health Service Ambulance Trusts.
As of 2016, The IHCD Ambulance Technician certificate was replaced with the FAQ Level 4 Diploma for Associate Ambulance Practitioners. This provided a defined scope of practice agreed nationally by Ambulance Service Trusts. Their role title, however, may still be defined by their employer as 'Emergency Medical Technician'.
They can work autonomously, making their own clinical decisions within their training and remit. They may also work as a clinical lead working alongside an Emergency Care Assistant or as assistants themselves to a Paramedic.
As the role does not have a single defined scope, the skills they have can include:
The term 'emergency medical technician' or EMT is not commonly used by members of the public in the United Kingdom. Instead, it is common for all ambulance personnel to be referred to as 'paramedics', although the Paramedic title is protected under registration of the Health and Care Professions Council.

United States

Certification

In the United States, EMTs are certified according to their level of training. Individual states set their own standards of certification and all EMT training must meet the minimum requirements as set by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's standards for curriculum. The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians is a private organization which offers certification exams based on NHTSA education guidelines and has been around since the 1970s. Currently, NREMT exams are used by 46 states as the sole basis for certification at one or more EMT certification levels. A NREMT exam consists of skills and patient assessments as well as a written portion.
On June 12, 2019, the NREMT changed the rules regarding age limits for EMTs, AEMTs, and Paramedics. There is no longer an age limit for registered personnel. However, applicants must successfully complete a state-approved EMT course that meets or exceeds the NREMT Standards within the past 2 years of applying. Those applying for the NREMT Certification must also complete a state-approved EMT psychomotor exam. It is possible for the candidate to be refused access to a state-approved course due to their age within the state.

Levels

NHTSA recognizes four levels of Emergency Medical Technician:
Some states also recognize the Advanced Practice Paramedic or Critical Care Paramedic level as a state-specific licensure above that of the Paramedic. These Critical Care Paramedics generally perform high acuity transports that require skills outside the scope of a standard paramedic. In addition, EMTs can seek out specialty certifications such as Wilderness EMT, Wilderness Paramedic, Tactical EMT, and Flight Paramedic.

Transition to new levels

In 2009, the NREMT posted information about a transition to a new system of levels for emergency care providers developed by NHTSA with the National EMS Scope of Practice project. By 2014, these "new" levels will replace the fragmented system found around the United States. The new classification will include Emergency Medical Responder, Emergency Medical Technician, Advanced Emergency Medical Technician, and Paramedic. Education requirements in transitioning to the new levels are substantially similar.

EMR

EMR is the most basic level of training, and is considered the bare minimum certification for rescuers that respond to medical emergencies. EMRs are typically on-call volunteers in rural communities, or are primarily employed as police officers, firefighters, or search and rescue personnel. EMRs typically arrive quickly and assess/stabilize the patient before the transporting ambulance arrives, and then assist the crew.
EMRs typically provide advanced first aid, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, semi-automatic defibrillation, basic airway management, oxygen therapy, and administration of basic, life-saving medications such as epinephrine auto-injectors and intranasal nalaxone.

EMT

EMT is the next level of EMS certification, and is considered the most common entry level of training. The procedures and skills allowed at this level include bleeding control, management of burns, splinting of suspected fractures and spinal injuries, childbirth, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, semi-automatic defibrillation, oral suctioning, insertion of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, pulse oximetry, blood glucose monitoring, auscultation of lung sounds, and administration of a limited set of medications. Some areas may add to the scope of practice, including intravenous access, insertion of supraglottic airway devices and CPAP. Training requirements and treatment protocols vary from area to area.

Advanced EMT

Advanced EMT is the level of training between EMT and Paramedic. They can provide intermediate life support care including obtaining intravenous/intraosseous access, fluid resuscitation, use of supraglottic airway devices, administration of some additional medications, and basic cardiac monitoring.

Paramedic

Paramedics typically represent the highest degree of pre-hospital medical provider, providing advanced life support care. Paramedics perform a variety of medical procedures such as endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence induction, cricothyrotomy, fluid resuscitation, drug administration, obtaining intravenous and intraosseous access, manual defibrillation, cardiac monitoring, capnometry, cardioversion, transcutaneous pacing, pericardiocentesis, thoracostomy, and other advanced procedures and assessments such as point-of-care ultrasound and blood chemistry interpretation.

Staffing levels

An ambulance with only EMTs is considered a Basic Life Support unit, an ambulance utilizing AEMTs is dubbed an Intermediate Life Support, or limited Advanced Life Support unit, and an ambulance with Paramedics is dubbed an Advanced Life Support unit. Many states allow ambulance crews to contain a mix of crews levels to staff ambulances and operate at the level of the highest trained provider. There is nothing stopping supplemental crew members to be of a certain certification, though. An emergency vehicle with only EMRs or a combination of both EMRs and EMTs is still dubbed a Basic Life Support unit. An EMR must usually be overseen by an EMT-level provider or higher to work on a transporting ambulance.

Education and training

EMT training programs for certification vary greatly from course to course, provided that each course at least meets local and national requirements. In the United States, EMRs receive at least 40–80 hours of classroom training and EMTs receive at least 120–300 hours of classroom training. AEMTs generally have 200–500 hours of classroom training, and Paramedics are trained for 1,500–2,500 hours or more.
In addition to each level's didactic education, clinical rotations are typically also be required. Similar in a sense to medical school clinical rotations, EMT students are required to spend a required amount of time in an ambulance and on a variety of hospital services in order to complete a course and become eligible for the certification exam.
The number of clinical hours for both time in an ambulance and time in the hospital vary depending on local requirements, the level the student is obtaining, and the amount of time it takes the student to show competency.
In addition, a minimum of continuing education hours is required to maintain certification. For example, to maintain NREMT certification, EMTs must obtain at least 48 hours of additional education and either complete a 24-hour refresher course or complete an additional 24 hours of CEs that would cover, on an hour by hour basis, the same topics as the refresher course would. Recertification for other levels follows a similar pattern.
EMT training programs vary greatly in calendar length. For example, fast track programs are available for EMTs that are completed in two weeks by holding class for 8 to 12 hours a day for at least two weeks. Other training programs are months long, or up to 2 years for Paramedics in an associate degree program.
EMT training programs take place at numerous locations, such as universities, community colleges, technical schools, hospitals or EMS academies. Every state in the United States has an EMS lead agency or state office of emergency medical services that regulates and accredits EMT training programs. Most of these offices have web sites to provide information to the public and individuals who are interested in becoming an EMT.

Medical direction

In the United States, an EMT's actions in the field are governed by state regulations, local regulations, and by the policies of their EMS organization. The development of these policies are guided by a physician medical director, often with the advice of a medical advisory committee.
In California, for example, each county's Local Emergency Medical Service Agency issues a list of standard operating procedures or protocols, under the supervision of the California Emergency Medical Services Authority. These procedures often vary from county to county based on local needs, levels of training and clinical experiences. New York State has similar procedures, whereas a regional medical-advisory council determines protocols for one or more counties in a geographical section of the state.
Treatments and procedures administered by Paramedics fall under one of two categories, off-line medical orders or on-line medical orders. On-line medical orders refers to procedures that must be explicitly approved by a base hospital physician or registered nurse through voice communication and are generally rare or high risk procedures. In addition, when multiple levels can perform the same procedure, a procedure can be both an on-line and a standing order depending on the level of the provider. Since no set of protocols can cover every patient situation, many systems work with protocols as guidelines and not "cook book" treatment plans. Finally, systems also have policies in place to handle medical direction when communication failures happen or in disaster situations.
The NHTSA curriculum is the foundation Standard of Care for EMS providers in the US.

Employment

EMTs and Paramedics are employed in varied settings, mainly the prehospital environment such as in EMS, fire, and police agencies. They can also be found in positions ranging from hospital and health care settings, to industrial and entertainment positions. The prehospital environment is loosely divided into non-emergency and emergency services, but many ambulance services and EMS agencies operate both non-emergency and emergency care.
In many places across the United States, it is not uncommon for the primary employer of EMRs, EMTs, and Paramedics to be the fire department, with the fire department providing the primary emergency medical system response including "first responder" fire apparatus, as well as ambulances. In other locations, such as Boston, Massachusetts, emergency medical services are provided by a separate, or “third-party”, municipal government emergency agency. In still other locations, emergency medical services are provided by volunteer agencies. College and university campuses may provide emergency medical responses on their own campus using students.
In some states of the US, many EMS agencies are run by Independent Non-Profit Volunteer First Aid Squads that are their own corporations set up as separate entities from fire departments. In this environment, volunteers are hired to fill certain blocks of time to cover emergency calls. These volunteers have the same state certification as their paid counterparts.