Education sector responses to substance abuse
Education sector responses to substance abuse refers to the way in which the education sector strategizes, developments and implements policies and practices that address the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs in educational settings.
Education response ecosystem
Within the education sector, there is a diversity of actors and systems to address substance use. These are elements of an effective education sector response which include- A policy framework to prevent and address substance use among children and young people;
- National and/or subnational curricula including skills-based prevention education;
- Training and support for teachers, school health practitioners and other school staff to plan, develop and implement a comprehensive school-based intervention strategy;
- Evidence-based interventions related to curricula implemented in educational institutions;
- Evidence-based interventions related to the school environment implemented in educational institutions, including substance use policies in schools, as well as other evidence-based prevention interventions delivered in the context of educational institutions;
- School health services, providing both prevention and care and support for young people who use substances;
- Management, coordination and evaluation of the response in the education sector, including monitoring of prevalence of substance use among children and young people.
Curricula
Many schools choose also to supplement or replace the standard life-skills or other health-related curriculum with a manualized programme, i.e., a programme standardized through the creation of manuals and protocols for those who implement it. This has been shown by research to be effective in preventing substance use later in life and/ or supporting resilient mental health or acquiring life or academic skills.
Curriculum aiming to prevent substance use before the typical age of first use within the school system is directed at children who are around 6–12 years old. The typical age of first use of any substance will vary according to the national or local situation. Prevention education curriculum during this period is centred on what is referred to as ‘skills-based health education’. It aims to develop key personal and social skills such as those that support healthy emotional and social development during this period, and protect against later substance use.
In addition to protecting against later substance use, skills-based education has also been shown to have a positive effect on general problem behaviours, commitment to school, academic performance, self-esteem, mental well- being, self-management and other social skills.
Training and supporting educators and other personnel
Research has found that training increases the likelihood that a teacher will actually deliver skills-based prevention content, and do it in the way it was intended. Training can help teachers adapt programme methods to their own teaching styles and aptitudes, while retaining the core components of the programme.Evidence-based responses at school level
At the school level, approaches to responding to substance use can be broken down into two categories: Universal prevention and selective and indicated prevention.Universal prevention
Universal prevention aims to prevent substance use in the school population at large. This approach aims to reduce risks across the school or target age/ year group by providing knowledge and skills that are protective towards substance use, or by changing school policies and environment in ways that prevent and reduce substance use among all students.Selective and indicated prevention
Selective and indicated prevention targets individuals or groups deemed at particular risk of initiating substance use or who are already involved in substance use behaviours. These approaches involve identifying at-risk individuals or groups and targeting prevention efforts towards them, or identifying those who are showing early signs of substance use and then intervening.School health services
are most commonly led by nurses, but doctors, psychologists, psychiatrists, dentists, social workers and counsellors may also be involved. By virtue of their professional training, nurses are very well positioned to provide a central role with school-based health services and with substance use prevention. Their professional role permits them to:- Provide prevention education in school.
- Identify and safely manage a new situation in the community.
- Help families and teachers recognize signs and symptoms of substance use, as well as risk factors related to use and help them also in supporting protective factors against substance use such as resilient mental health.
- Identify and meet substance use-related needs of individual students and help students or families locate resources, and assist them in finding a route to specialist services.
- When trained, deliver brief interventions to students, an effective response to substance use .
- Identify and manage emergency situations until relieved by emergency medical service personnel, and follow up with the health care provider.
- Provide advocacy in the community on issues of concern to the health of children and youth.
- Lead and train other school professionals or other school staff to be part of the prevention project and to deliver evidence-based content related to substance use within the curriculum.
National education sector policies on substance use prevention
Current substance use control strategies increasingly understand substance use to be first and foremost a health issue that is best addressed through a range of demand reduction measures including: early intervention; treatment; rehabilitation; recovery and social reintegration measures; and measures to minimize the public health and social consequences of substance abuse. All of these functions, including prevention, can fall within the purview of a public health system.
The national education sector derives a clear mandate to respond to substance use through policy language that typically calls the sector to take responsibility for promoting ‘health and safety’, ‘healthy lifestyles’ or ‘life- skills’ among students. For example, within the Eastern European and Central Asian region, most countries address the primary goal of substance use prevention by establishing education laws that oblige schools to build skills and foster a culture of healthy lifestyles and safe behaviour among children and young people. Within this context, national education sector substance use prevention policy has taken a number of forms, and can be categorized as follows:
Mandatory school substance policies
National substance policies may mandate school policies to prevent substance use and its health and social consequences within schools. This typically includes bans on substances on school premises or surrounding properties. School rules relating to substance use often include the behaviours of teachers and other adults, and policies regarding dealing with substance use-related incidents.Statutory health and substance use education
National education policies may enshrine the duty of schools to provide health and/or substance use- related education and training. Such training is often incorporated within other subject headings such as science or physical education, or in free-standing health or personal skills curricula. This often implies that prevention methodologies and contents are part of the mandatory teacher training.Provision of school health services
National policies may mandate the implementation of school health services. These services allow for the provision of an accessible range of health services including preventive, routine and acute health services for students. They may include a range of personnel, including school nurses, advisors and counsellors and mental health professionals. The services provided often contribute to preventive education, the development of school health and substance use policies, early identi cation and interventions and connections with the social and health sectors.National quality standards for school-based prevention efforts
School substance use prevention can be encouraged and guided by quality standards. They are increasingly available, and typically advocate for evidence-based programming, sound planning and design, comprehensive activity, monitoring, evaluation, professional development and sustainability. Quality standards help to support national policy initiatives and guide schools in meeting their mandate to promote health and prevent substance use.Monitoring of substance use among children and young people
Some countries participate in global or regional monitoring or conduct national- level monitoring of substance use prevalence among children and adolescents. This is not an education sector activity per se but it does indicate that the issue is a priority, providing a measure of endorsement and most importantly, guidance, for school prevention activity.International frameworks to guide Education sector responses to substance abuse
A number of international statutes stipulate the responsibility of various sectors, including the education sector, to prevent and minimize harm from substance use among children and young people. Most relevant are the following:International policy initiatives that enshrine the right of children and young people to health and safety
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ;
- UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ;
- Dakar Framework for Action – Education for All, and Incheon Declaration – Education 2030: Towards inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning for all ;
- Declaration and Plan of Action ‘A World Fit for Children’ ;
- UN Global Monitoring Framework.
Recent policy conventions focusing on the management of psychoactive substances and substance use call for broad action
- WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ;
- Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem ;
- WHO Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol.
UN International Drug Control Conventions that provide a framework for efforts to control the supply and demand for illicit drugs
- Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs ;
- The Convention on Psychotropic Substances ;
- Convention against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
Recent initiatives that may inform and mandate an education sector response
- In the 2030 Development Agenda adopted in 2015, the UN Member States commit to strengthen prevention and treatment of substance abuse by 2030, in the sub goal 3.5.
- The Commission on Narcotic Drugs calls on ‘Member States to formulate and implement, where appropriate, a broad system of primary prevention and early intervention based on scientific evidence, such as the International Standards on Drug Use Prevention and other measures, including educational activities and interactive campaigns’.
- The Outcome Document of the UN General Assembly Special Session on drugs, organized in 2016, highlights a balanced health- and human rights-based approach to addressing the world drug problem, giving an additional mandate to drug prevention and treatment.