Dijksterhuis studied mathematics at the University of Groningen from 1911 to 1918. His Ph.d. thesis was entitled "A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Flat Helicoid." From 1916 to 1953 Dijksterhuis was a professor and taught mathematics, physics and cosmography. He advocated changes in the way mathematics was taught to reinforce the formal characteristics of the discipline. In 1950, he was appointed as a German member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1953, Dijksterhuis was appointed to teach the history of mathematics and the nature of science at Utrecht University and in 1955 at Leiden University. Dijksterhuis’ first biography was on the life and work of Archimedes, published in Dutch in 1938. This work was translated into English by C. Dikshoorn in 1956, published in Copenhagen by Munksgard. Princeton University Press republished it, with additional commentary, in 1987. In 1943 he wrote on the life and times of Simon Stevin, again first in Dutch, which Dikshoorn translated for English publication in 1970. Upon the completion of HuygensCollected Works in 1950, at the annual meeting of the Dutch Society of Sciences at Haarlem, Dijksterhuis spoke on the 60-year project. The text of his speech was published in Centaurus in March 1953, when he gave a "sketch of the position occupied by Huygens in the scientific life of the 17th century." To do so, he explained "the dual nature of science which is both cumulative and collective. The first characteristic entails that intellectual heights once reserved to the privileged few become in due time accessible to beginners; the second, that in the strict sense of the word no scientist works alone." He noted that Huygens "often preferred leaving his findings unpublished and restricted himself to communicating the results in his letters or in a work of much later date." On Huygens' contribution to timekeeping, Dijksterhuis wrote, "he contrived to make the wheelwork of the clock keep up the motion of the pendulum, which on the other hand communicates to it its own periodicity, not materially changed by the connection." He named the editors of the Omnia Opera: Bierens de Haan, Johannes Bosscha, Diederik Korteweg, Vollgraff, and A. A. Nijland. In 1958 Dijkserhuis published De mechanisering van het wereldbeeld which was positively reviewed in a French journal. In 1956 Springer books produced a German translation, and in 1961 The Mechanization of the World Picture appeared in English. In 1962 Dijksterhuis was awarded the Sarton Medal by the History of Science Society.
