Duke of Newcastle


Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne is a title that has been created three times. The related title Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne has been created once to provide a slightly more remote special remainder. The title first was conferred in 1665 when William Cavendish was made Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne. He was a prominent Royalist commander in the Civil War. He had already been elevated as Viscount Mansfield in 1620, Baron Cavendish of Bolsover and Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1621 and Marquess of the latter in 1643, and was created Earl of Ogle as main subsidiary title to the to be used as a courtesy style for his heir presumptive.
The titles became extinct in 1988, a year that saw the deaths of the distantly related ninth and tenth Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne.
Despite the name of the town being "Newcastle-under-Lyme" with an "m", the dukedom was created with "Lyne" with an "n". There is no known satisfactory explanation for the discrepancy, which may have been an error. However, if it was an error, that error has perpetuated itself in numerous sources, including peerage catalogues.

Details of each creation

;Family background
Cavendish was the son of Sir Charles Cavendish, third son of Sir William Cavendish and his wife Bess of Hardwick. William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, was his uncle. Sir Charles Cavendish married as his second wife Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle, daughter of Cuthbert Ogle, 7th Baron.
;Details of first creation
In 1629 their son and namesake succeeded as ninth Baron Ogle. He was succeeded by his son, the second Duke, also a politician. His only son and heir apparent Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle, predeceased him. On the latter's death in 1691 all the titles became extinct, except the barony of Ogle which fell into abeyance between his four daughters.
;Details of second creation
One of these daughters, Lady Margaret, married John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare. In 1694 the dukedom was revived when he was created Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne. The Holles family descended from John Holles who was created Baron Haughton, of Haughton in Nottinghamshire, in 1616, and Earl of Clare in 1624. His second son was a politician Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles. Lord Clare was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He represented East Retford, Nottinghamshire in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant. His son, the third Earl, was briefly MP for Nottinghamshire in 1660. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned fourth Earl, who was raised to Duke in 1694; together with Lady Margaret he had one daughter but no sons and on his death in 1711 all his titles became extinct.
;Third creation and Newcastle-under-Lyne additional title with special remainder
The Duke's sister, Lady Grace Holles, married Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham. On his uncle's death in 1711 their eldest son succeeded to the substantial Holles estates and assumed by Royal Licence the additional surname and arms of Holles. In 1714 the earldom of Clare was revived when he was created Viscount Haughton, and Earl of Clare, with remainder to his younger brother Henry Pelham, and the following year the dukedom was also revived when he was made Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, with like special remainder. These titles were in the Peerage of Great Britain. In 1756 when his brother died without male issue and it was evident that the Duke would have no children the Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was additionally created Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne with a different special remainder: to his nephew-by-marriage Henry Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln who rapidly took on the additional surname Pelham. For history of this title from the 1768 inheritance upon the 1st Duke's death, see Earl of Lincoln. His other titles became extinct except for the Pelham baronetcy and the barony of Pelham, which devolved to his first cousin once-removed, Thomas Pelham.
Extensive personal, transaction and estate papers of the Dukes are held in the Portland and Newcastle collections at the University of Nottingham's Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections.

Dukes of Newcastle, first creation (1665)

;England
;Wales
;Ireland

Other notable descendants (last creation)