Diplom


A Diplom is an academic degree in the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and a similarly named degree in some other European countries including Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine and only for engineers in France, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Brazil.

History

The Diplom originates from the French Diplôme describing a certificate devised during the Second French Empire to bestow honours upon outstanding citizens and soldiers of the imperial French army to promote them into the Legion of Honour since 1862. The Magister degree was the original graduate degree at German-speaking universities. In Germany the Diplom dates back to the pre-republican period: In October 1899 the engineering degree Diplom was announced by a supreme decree of the German emperor Wilhelm II in his function as the King of Prussia on the advent of the Centenary of the Prussian Technical College in Berlin. The Diplom was subsequently adopted by the Technische Hochschulen which had received university status following this Prussian decree. Later, all German universities adopted the Diplom as their degree in Science or Engineering.
In East Germany, the Diplom was the only first degree and was also granted in disciplines such as medicine or law, which at West German universities were completed with a Staatsexamen. Nowadays such diploms are still granted to students of such disciplines, although most universities only grant the diplom status on request. Some universities also grant a master's degree to such students on request.
With the implementation of the Bologna process, awarding new Diplom and Magister degrees has become rare, since they are replaced by bachelor's or master's degrees. Already awarded degrees remain valid.

France

'Diplôme' is the French word for degree or diploma. The French engineering diploma is called Diplôme d'Ingénieur. The French government also grants to all holders of a Diplôme d'Ingénieur the academic title of Ingénieur Diplômé, which is official and legally protected in France.

Germany

Before the introduction of the bachelor's and master's degrees in Germany, the standard Science, Engineering or Business degree was the Diplom and could be, in several variations, obtained at several types of institutes of higher education.
Obtained at a university, the degree was simply called a Diplom or rarely a Diplom and took usually between four and six years, depending on subject and curriculum. When obtained at a so-called University of Applied Sciences, the diploma degree is called a Diplom and took mostly four years.
The Diplom was usually awarded in the natural sciences, business, theology and engineering, while students of humanities, arts and languages finished with a Magister. All kinds of Diplom degrees were usually first degrees. However, the Diplom / Diplom was also the highest non-doctoral degree in science, business or engineering in Germany.
The duration of the Diplom degree programmes differed depending on subject and university. An official average duration was set by law in each German state, usually being four years for a Diplom and 4, 4.5 or 5 years for a Diplom / Diplom . In exceptional cases, universities were allowed to set longer average durations for certain subjects, NHG2007 § 6, HmbHG2001 §53 ). However, due to the curriculum set by most universities in Germany, the 4, 4.5 or 5 years for a Diplom / Diplom were often exceeded.
Although being a first degree, because of its actual duration, the Diplom / Diplom was and is in Germany not considered as an equivalent to a bachelor's but rather to a master's degree, as also expressed by the equivalent ECTS credits for the Diplom / Diplom .
A holder of a Diplom obtained at a university is, depending on subject, for example referred to as "Diplom-Ingenieur", "Diplom-Kaufmann", "Diplom-Biologe" and so on. In Bavaria, sometimes the postfix "" is added. If the Diplom has been obtained at a University of Applied Sciences the postfix "" has to be added. There are a few rare exceptions where the postfix need not be added, mostly due to older laws, small differences in the laws of the German states or transition rules. Transition rules, for example in engineering, or European Union directives like directive 2005/36/EC grant certain limited groups with other kinds of related qualifications to also use the designation Diplom.
To obtain a Diplom at a university, students had to complete two separate periods of study. The first one was a two-year period of coursework in courses of mainly introductory nature, the Grundstudium. After this period, in addition to exams for passing the modules, students attained a series of usually four intermediate exams to obtain the Vordiplom.
The second period, the Hauptstudium, consisted of two years of coursework in courses of advanced level, an additional period of several months in which a thesis had to be written and eventually a series of usually four final exams. It was not unusual for students to need more than two years for the coursework of the Hauptstudium. An obtained Vordiplom and the completion of the coursework of the Hauptstudium were the requirements to register for working on the thesis and for the final exams. However, access to courses of the Hauptstudium was usually not restricted to students who had already obtained the Vordiplom.
The extent of the final exams and the exams to obtain the Vordiplom was set by each university individually in its regulations. Normally, the content of two different modules of the preceding period of coursework was examined in each of the examinations, which could be oral or less often in writing. Most students needed approximately six months to complete the final exam period.
The thesis which followed an independent research project had officially to be completed in not more than 3 to 9 months. However, the actual time students worked on these projects could again exceed the official duration by several months.
The curriculum for a Diplom degree, obtained at a University of Applied Sciences used to be more application-oriented, in comparison to what was expected for a Univ. Diplom degree. The programme was slightly shorter and often one semester was spent by the students doing an internship. Those with some previous vocational qualification in a subject related to their studies were typically exempt from the requirement to do an internship. Typically, the studies in such a program were more organized and structured than the studies at a university, with a tighter schedule and a larger number of intermediate and final exams. Subjects were split into those regarded as basic studies and in-depth studies. Unlike the universities the period of basic studies wasn't completely separated from the period of in-depth studies by a pre-diploma. Instead of a pre-diploma the passing of one or more intermediate exams in a subject qualified to move forward with that particular subject or start related in-depth subject studies. Passing one or more final exams in a subject completed a subject. Once almost all subjects were completed thesis work could start, but the missing final exams had to be passed latest with the completion of the thesis work. It was typical to perform thesis work in the industry, supervised by a professor from the university of applied science and a senior professional from the company where the work was performed. Although lab work was also permitted as thesis work. The written thesis work needed to be defended in an oral exam after which the diploma was granted.
The Diplom / Diplom is usually a prerequisite for preparing a doctorate. However, under certain conditions, holders of a Diplom are also eligible for doctoral studies. In German-speaking countries and in countries which Germany has bilateral agreements with—regarding the recognition of academic qualifications, the Diplom / Diplom is usually accepted as admission into doctorate programs.

Further kinds of diploma (Germany)

While the Diplom / Diplom and the Diplom were the most common Diplom degrees in Germany, further Diploma did and do exist. Those are:
In the German language the word Diplom can also be used for certificates of any kind of achievement. It is usually apparent from the context if an academic degree is meant or not, especially when the word is combined with the academic profession.

International comparison (Germany)

Acceptance of the Diplom / Diplom and the Diplom varies from country to country and from university to university. Usually holders of any of the degrees are considered for admission to postgraduate studies. The acceptance or rejection of the diploma not only varies because of different academic standards, but also because of political, regulatory and administrative reasons.
The variations in the acceptance of degrees was one reason the EU initiated and executed the Bologna Process. Part of the Bologna Process shall ensure comparability between higher-education qualifications in the EU. As part of this process Germany has introduced Masters and bachelor's degrees and has largely phased out the awarding of new diploma degrees. A process not universally welcomed by the German academic and engineering communities.
The already awarded Diplom / Diplom and the Diplom degrees remain valid indefinitely and are not exchanged for master's or bachelor's degrees. Current German binding recommendations state that the newly German master's and bachelor's degrees come with the same eligibilities as the old degrees Diplom / Diplom and Diplom , respectively. This is, for example, important for joining certain career paths in government administration, military, or regulated professions, where some kind of diploma was required. It also implies that Diplom holders can join a master's degree program. It does not imply the degrees are the same, a fact stretched multiple times in the cited reference.
An actual comparison, in case it is needed, is done via ECTS points which are retroactively calculated/assigned to old Diplom / Diplom and Diplom degrees, when needed. This calculation is e.g. done when a holder of a Diploma wants to join a Masters program and needs to know the number of additional ECTS point to study for to obtain a Masters.
Since the old diploma study programs were all a bit different there is not a single ECTS value or comparison chart for all kinds of diplomas. Almost universally, however, when retroactively calculating ECTS points for Diplom / Diplom degrees they end up well into the ECTS point range for a master's degree. The situation is different for Diplom degrees. Those tend to end up at least at the Bachelor's ECTS point level or above, and below the ECTS point level for a master's degree. The ranking is roughly shown in the following table, from lowest to highest rank. Typical ECTS points are provided for a very rough comparison, individual points vary.
German non-academic degreesECTS point Examples
Diplom –
German academic degreesECTS point Examples
Diplom –
Bachelor180–240
Diplom, Diplom I240
Diplom, Diplom, Diplom II, Master300

The following chart illustrates the durations required to obtain the old degrees and the new European degrees, using nominal example durations.
At the time of the Bologna process, schools in most German states started changing from 13 school years to 12 years. Most of the students going for a Diplom therefore spent 13 years in school before starting their university studies, while the younger Bachelor students nowadays may start one year earlier. Regarding international comparison, one may argue that British, Irish and French high school students have school also in the afternoons which could compensate with the additional year of school attendance in Germany.
Note: For the Diplom a student has to spend one to two obligatory semesters during his studies in a company. These semesters are included in the table. The study time is therefore one to two semesters shorter. Bachelor studies have them included in the table too. For the Diplom those semesters are sometimes not included in the table.
Also note: In Germany, a Diplom student can enter a doctoral program directly. A Diplom student has to have excellent grades to directly enter a doctorate program. With the Higher Education Act of the Land Lower Saxony as of August 2010, outstanding Bachelor graduates can commence their doctorate at the universities of this German state. In addition, a few German graduate schools, such as the Saarbrücken Graduate School of Computer Science or the Berlin Mathematical School also admit students with a bachelor's degree and excellent grades to their doctorate programmes.

Austria

The Austrian diploma curriculum is a first degree usually structured into 2–3 phases comprising a total of 240–360 ECTS credits. It typically ends with a final examination after submitting a "Diplomarbeit".
Depending on the subject, the degrees granted are either Magister/Magistra with a specific suffix, or Diplom-Ingenieur. Notable exceptions are the diploma studies of dentistry and medicine, which result in the degree Doctor medicinae universae or Doctor medicinae dentalis
In most subjects, diplom programmes have already been phased out in favour of separate, Bologna-style Bachelor and Master programmes. However, the degree Diplom-Ingenieur is still used for Master's graduates in engineering.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the Diplom or Diplôme was the typical first degree at the two federal institutes of technology and at the Swiss universities of applied sciences. Since 2004, these Swiss degrees are no longer offered since they are replaced by Bologna style bachelor's and master's degrees.

Finland

In Finland, the old diplomi-insinööri title was completely replaced by Master of Science in the Bologna process. All Finnish academic degrees are awarded both in Finnish and English and therefore the title is still awarded as diplomi-insinööri with Master of Science as the official translation. Conversion was straightforward and academic credits were transformed linearly.

Greece

In Greece, a higher education diploma is a 4 to 5-year degree, 5-year Diplomas formatted similarly to the German Diplom, awarded to students of the Greek Engineering Schools and Departments, with the only exception of higher education diploma 4-year newfly founded University of Western Attica.
While every institution has its own individual approaches, the curriculum usually consists of general knowledge and essential background subjects in the first five semesters. After the end of the fifth semester, students select their academic area of interest and pursue a set of specialised courses for the next four semesters. The last semester is devoted to the preparation of a thesis on the student's chosen area of interest, which is presented before a three-member panel.
5 - year Diplomas are considered equivalent to integrated master's degrees. The holder of a diploma in engineering is permitted to sit in the Technical Chamber of Greece exams without any prerequisite. It also allows the engineer to be considered for doctorate studies without taking any additional classes.
Since adoption of the 2001 Higher Education Reform Act the Technological Educational Institutes constitute a parallel part of public higher education in Greece. They confer higher education diploma, a 4-year bachelor's degree formatted similarly to the German Diplom .
Grades range between 0 and 10, 5 being the passing mark. However, since grading practice differs amongst awarding institutions, a descriptive mark is used, which is more or less universal throughout Greece. For example, in the National Technical University of Athens, a grade in the diploma between 5 and 6.99 is "good", a grade between 7.00 and 8.99 is "very good" and a grade of 9.00 or more is "excellent". In the University of Patras the ranges are from 5 to 6.49, from 6.5 to 8.49 and from 8.5 to 10.