Digital cable


Digital cable is the distribution of cable television using digital video compression for distribution. The technology was developed by General Instrument, which was succeeded by Motorola and subsequently by ARRIS Group. Cable companies converted to digital cable during the 2000s, during the period that broadcast television converted to the digital HDTV standard, which was incompatible with existing analog cable systems. In addition to providing higher resolution HD video, digital cable systems provide more services such as pay-per-view programming, cable internet access and cable telephone services. Most digital cable signals are encrypted, which reduced the incidence of cable theft which occurred in analog systems.

History

In 1990, General Instrument demonstrated that it was possible to use digital compression to deliver high quality HDTV in a standard 6 MHz television channel. Using the same technology General Instrument demonstrated the digital transmission of multiple high quality standard definition programs in a 6 MHz cable channel.
In the 1990s, cable providers began to invest heavily in this new multi-channel digital TV technology to expand the number of channels and services available to subscribers. Increased competition and programming choices from direct-broadcast satellite services such as DirecTV, Dish Network, and PrimeStar caused cable providers to seek new ways to provide more programming. Customers were increasingly interested in more channels, pay-per-view programming, digital music services, and high speed internet services. By 2000, most cable providers in the US were offering some form of digital cable TV to their customers.
Digital cable technology has allowed cable providers to compress video channels so that they take up less bandwidth and to offer two-way communication capabilities. This has enabled providers to offer more channels, video-on-demand services that don't require a separate telephone line, telephone services, high speed internet services, and interactive television services. Digital cable implements error correction to ensure the integrity of the received signal and uses a secure digital distribution system
Most digital cable providers use QAM for video services and DOCSIS standards for data services. Some providers have also begun to roll out video services using IPTV or Switched video.

Channels

Digital cable technology can allow many TV channels to occupy the frequency space that would normally be occupied by a single analog cable TV channel. The number of channels placed on a single analog frequency depends on the compression used. Many cable providers are able to fit about 10 digital SD channels or 2 digital HD channels on a single analog channel frequency. Some providers are able to squeeze more channels onto a single frequency with higher compression, but often this can cause the video quality of the channel to degrade.
The addition of this capability complicates the notion of a "channel" in digital cable. The formal names for the two numbers that now identify a channel are the physical channel and the subchannel.
The physical channel is a number corresponding to a specific 6 MHz frequency range. See: North American cable television frequencies.
The subchannel is a logical channel of data within the physical channel. Technically there can be up to 1024 subchannels in a physical channel, though in practice only a few are used.
There are two ways providers try to make this easier for consumers. The first, accomplished through PSIP, is where program and channel information is broadcast along with the video, allowing the consumer's decoder to automatically identify the many channels and subchannels.
The second is where, in an effort to hide subchannels entirely, many cable companies map virtual channel numbers to underlying physical and sub-channels. For example, a cable company might call channel 5-1 "channel 732" and channel 5-2 "channel 733". This also allows the cable company to change the frequency of a channel without changing what the customer sees as a channel number. In such arrangements, the physical/sub-channel numbers are called the "QAM channel", and the alternative channel designation is called the "mapped channel", "virtual channel", or simply "channel".
In theory, a set-top box can decode the PSIP information from every channel it receives and use that information to build the mapping between QAM channel and virtual channel. However, cable companies do not always reliably transmit PSIP information. Alternatively, CableCards receive the channel mapping and can communicate that to the set-top box.

Technical information

The standard for signal transmission over digital cable television systems in the United States is now fixed as both 64-QAM and 256-QAM, which is specified in SCTE 07, and is part of the DVB standard. This method carries 38.47 Mbit/s using 256-QAM on a 6 MHz channel, which can carry nearly two full ATSC 19.39 Mbit/s transport streams. Each 6-MHz channel is typically used to carry 7-12 digital SDTV channels. On many boxes with QAM tuners, high definition versions of local channels, and some cable channels are available.
Digital cable allows for the broadcast of EDTV as well as HDTV. By contrast, analog cable transmits programs solely in the 480i format.
The Advanced Television Systems Committee standards include a provision for 16-VSB transmission over cable at 38.4 Mbit/s, but the encoding has not yet gained wide acceptance. Some MATV systems may carry 8-VSB and QAM signals, mostly in apartment buildings and similar facilities that use a combination of terrestrial antennas and cable distribution sources.
Digital cable channels typically are allocated above 552 MHz, the upper frequency of cable channel 78. Between 552 and 750 MHz, there is space for 33 6-MHz channels ; when going all the way to 864 MHz, there is space for 52 6-MHz channels.
In the U.S., digital cable systems with 750 MHz or greater activated channel capacity are required to comply with a set of SCTE and CEA standards, and to provide CableCARDs to customers that request them.