Deposit insurance
Deposit insurance is a measure implemented in many countries to protect bank depositors, in full or in part, from losses caused by a bank's inability to pay its debts when due. Deposit insurance systems are one component of a financial system safety net that promotes financial stability.
Why it exists
Banks are allowed to lend or invest most of the money deposited with them instead of safe-keeping the full amounts. If many of a bank's borrowers fail to repay their loans when due, the bank's creditors, including its depositors, risk loss. Because they rely on customer deposits that can be withdrawn on little or no notice, banks in financial trouble are prone to bank runs, where depositors seek to withdraw funds quickly ahead of a possible bank insolvency. Because banking institution failures have the potential to trigger a broad spectrum of harmful events, including economic recessions, policy makers maintain deposit insurance schemes to protect depositors and to give them comfort that their funds are not at risk.Deposit insurance was formed to protect small unit banks in the United States when branching regulations existed. Banks were restricted by location thus did not reap the benefits coming from economies of scale, namely pooling and netting. To protect local banks in poorer states, the federal government created deposit insurance.
How it works
Deposit insurance institutions are for the most part government run or established, and may or may not be a part of a country's central bank, while some are private entities with government backing or completely private entities.There are a number of countries with more than one deposit insurance system in operation, including Austria, Canada, Germany, Italy, and the United States.
Overview by country
According to the IADI, as of 31 January 2014, 113 countries have instituted some form of explicit deposit insurance up from 12 in 1974. Another 41 countries are considering the implementation of an explicit deposit insurance system.Africa
Central Africa
Banks in the Economic Community of Central African States are eligible for an international system called the Deposit Guarantee Fund in Central Africa. Although the system is well capitalized, details of its failure response process remain to be determined.South Africa
South Africa's covers depositors up to R100,000.Americas
Brazil
In Brazil, the creation of deposit insurance was authorized by Resolution 2197 of 1995, the National Monetary Council. This standard mandated the creation of a protection mechanism for credit holders against financial institutions, called "Credit Guarantee Fund". Currently, the FGC is regulated by Resolution 4222 of 2013. The Fiscal Responsibility Act prohibits the use of public funds to finance the losses, so it is formed exclusively by compulsory contributions from the participating institutions. The warranty is limited to R$250,000 per depositor. More recently, the Guarantor Credit Union Fund was created, in order to protect depositors of credit unions and cooperative banks. As the FGC, the FGCoop guarantees up to R$250,000 and consists of compulsory contributions of cooperatives and cooperative banks.Canada
Canada created the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1967. It is similar to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States. Since 1967, 43 financial institutions have failed in Canada and all were members of CDIC. There have been no failures since 1996. Information on the Canadian system can be found at http://www.cdic.ca. Insurance is restricted to registered member institutions, and covers only the first C$100,000 in very specific categories of accounts. Credit unions and Quebec's caisse populaire system are not insured federally because they are created under provincial charters and backed by provincial insurance plans, which generally follow the federal model. Funds in a foreign currency, not Canadian dollars, are not insured, such as a US dollar accounts even when held in a registered CDIC financial institutions. Guaranteed Investment Contracts with a longer term than 5 years are also not insured. Funds in foreign banks operating in Canada may or may not be covered depending on whether they are members of CDIC. Some funds in the Registered Retirement Savings Plan or Registered Retirement Income Fund at their bank may not be covered if they are invested in mutual funds or held in specific instruments like debentures issued by government or corporations. The general principle is to cover reasonable deposits and savings, but not deposits deliberately positioned to take risks for gain, such as mutual funds or stocks.The roots of this reform can be traced back to the 19th century, such as the Upper Canada's financial problems of 1866, the North American panic of 1872 and the 1923 failure of Toronto's Home Bank, symbolized today by Casa Loma. Historically, in Canada, regional risk has always been spread nationally within each large bank, unlike the uneven geography of US unit banking, layered with savings & loans of regional or national size, which in turn disperse their risk through investors. Generally speaking, the Canadian banking system is well regulated, in part by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions, which can in an extreme case close a financial institution. That and Canada's tight mortgage rules mean the risk of bank failures similar to the US are much less likely.
Mexico
In Mexico, the Instituto para la Protección al Ahorro Bancario is the deposit insurance set up by the country for account holders in Mexico. It insures up to 400,000 UDIs, the equivalent of $2,406,702.40 pesos for each account. In 1981, the General Law of Credit Institutions and Auxiliary Organizations provided for the creation of a fund to protect credit obligations assumed by banks.United States
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is the deposit insurer for the United States. In the antebellum period and the 1920s, there were various deposit insurance schemes. Those based on self-regulation via mutual liability were successful; compulsory state-based insurance schemes were not. A look at Texas in the years 1919–26 shows that the deposit insurance for state-chartered banks increased the likelihood of bank failure during the period. The United States was the second country to institute national deposit insurance when it established the FDIC in the wake of the 1933 banking crisis that accompanied the Great Depression.Most credit unions in the United States are insured by the National Credit Union Administration, a separate federally-chartered agency, while others rely on private insurance arrangements. The FDIC and NCUA each insure up to $250,000 for each owner at institution. Separately from these, the Securities Investor Protection Corporation provides limited asset protection, but not insurance, for the cash and securities of the customers of failed investment brokerages.
In Massachusetts, the Depositors Insurance Fund insures deposits in excess of the FDIC limits at state-chartered savings banks.
European Union
Directive 94/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on deposit-guarantee schemes requires all member states to have a deposit guarantee scheme for at least 90% of the deposited amount, up to at least 20,000 euros per person. On October 7, 2008, the Ecofin meeting of EU's ministers of finance agreed to increase the minimum amount to 50,000. Timelines and details on procedures for the implementation, which is likely to be a national matter for the member states, was not immediately available. The increased amount followed on Ireland's move, in September 2008, to increase its deposit insurance to an unlimited amount. Many other EU countries, starting with the United Kingdom, reacted by increasing its limit to avoid that people transfer savings to Irish banks.In November 2007 a comprehensive report was published by the EU, with a description and comparison of each Insurance Guarantee Scheme in place for all EU member states. The report concluded that many of the schemes had restricted the appliance of guarantees to retail consumers, usually private individuals, although small or medium businesses were also sometimes placed into the retail category. All schemes are do not apply for big wholesale customers under the argument the latter are often in a better position than retail customers to assess the financial risks of particular firms with whom they engage or are able themselves to reduce their risk by using several financial banks/institutes. The report recommends this practice to continue, as limiting of the scheme's to "retail customers " helps to reduce the cost of the scheme but also helps to increase its available funds for those who actually need the guarantee when it is activated for the protection of claimants.
By country
From October 2008, many EU countries increased the amount covered by their deposit insurance schemes. Since these amounts are typically encoded in legislation, there was a certain delay before the new amounts were formally valid.| Country | Coverage limit | Coverage | Valid since | Deposit insurance organization | Comments and previous amounts |
| Belgium | €100,000 | 100% | Fonds de Protection / Beschermings Fonds / Protection Fund | Previously €20,000 before 2009. | |
| Bulgaria | €100,000 | 100% | 31 December 2010 | Bulgarian Deposit Insurance Fund | €51,129 effective 15 April 1998 Amount raised to BGN 196,000 effective 31 December 2010. Article 23 of the Bank Deposit Guarantee Law says that the guaranteed amount for foreign currency deposits shall be paid out in Bulgarian levs calculated using the Bulgarian National Bank's exchange rate on the first day of paying out of guaranteed deposits. |
| Croatia | EUR 100,000 | 100% | July 1, 2013 | - | 100% of the first HRK 30,000 and 75% between 30,000 and 50,000 effective June 20, 1997. Amount raised to HRK 100,000 effective July 1, 1998 Amount raised to 400,000 effective October 15, 2008. |
| Cyprus | EUR 100,000 | 100% | September 2000 | ||
| Czech Republic | EUR 100,000 | 100% | Deposit Insurance Fund | 90% of EUR 25,000 effective 2002 100 % coverage and amount raised to EUR 50,000 effective 2008. Credit unions are covered since 2006. | |
| Denmark | DKK 750,000 | 100% | September 30, 2010 | For the two-year period from October 5, 2008, to September 30, 2010, an unlimited governmental guarantee for deposits was added. | |
| Finland | EUR 100,000 | 100% | January 1, 2011 | 100% insured up to EUR 25.000 effective 1998. Amount increased to EUR 50,000 effective October 8, 2008 | |
| France | EUR 100,000 | 100% | June 25, 1999 | Fonds de Garantie des Dépôts | Following the Irish legislative change to unlimited state guarantee, and the German announcement of unlimited support, the French President declared on 13 October 2008 that "The government will not let any French bank fail", in a speech that was posted on the country's official website, www.gouvernement.fr. This political commitment has so far held |
| Germany | EUR 100,000 | 100% | January 1, 2011 |
| The 4 banking associations run voluntary additional guarantee schemes, which go beyond the European minimum of EUR 100,000.For instance for BdB member banks, "The protection ceiling for each creditor is 30% of the liable capital of the Bank..." An unlimited state guarantee was announced in October 2008. The legal details are nevertheless unclear. "It is a political declaration" said Torsten Albig. |
| Greece | EUR 100,000 | 100% | October 2008 | Was 20,000 EUR, increased in October 2008 | |
| Hungary | EUR 100,000 | 100% | |||
| Ireland | EUR 100,000 | 100% | The Deposit Guarantee Scheme | The Deposit Guarantee Scheme protects depositors in the event of a bank, building society or credit union authorised by the Central Bank of Ireland being unable to repay deposits. Deposits up to €100,000 per person per institution are protected. The DGS is obliged to issue compensation to depositors duly verified as eligible within 20 working days of a credit institution failing. | |
| Italy | EUR 100,000 | 100% | March 24, 2011 | Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi Fondo di Garanzia dei Depositanti del Credito Cooperativo | Amount decreased from EUR 103,291.38. |
| Lithuania | EUR 100,000 | 100% | Previously, the insured amount LTL 45,000 ; in 2008 it was increased to 100% of deposits up to EUR 20,000. In 2009, the limit was increased to EUR 100,000. | ||
| Luxembourg | EUR 100,000 | 100% | Fonds de garantie des dépôts Luxembourg | Previously, the insured amount was EUR 20,000. In 2009, the limit was increased to EUR 100,000. | |
| Malta | EUR 100,000 | 100% | November 21, 2003 | Depositor Compensation Scheme | The Maltese Depositor Compensation Scheme is managed by a Management Committee which is appointed by the Malta Financial Services Authority. The Committee is made up of persons representing the MFSA, the Central Bank of Malta, investment firms, the banks and customers. |
| Netherlands | EUR 100,000 | 100% | October 7, 2008 | Depositogarantiestelsel | Before October 7, 2008 coverage was 100% of first EUR 20,000, 90% of next EUR 20,000. |
| Poland | EUR 100,000 | 100% | December 30, 2010 | Bankowy Fundusz Gwarancyjny | Amount raised from EUR 50,000 on 30 December 2010 |
| Portugal | EUR 100,000 | 100% | November 2008 | Amount raised from EUR 25,000 to EUR 100,000 in November 2008. Provisions of Decree-Law Article 166 says "According to article 12 of Decree-Law No. 211 – A/2008, of 3 November 2008, until 31 December 2011, the limit shall be increased from € 25,000 to € 100,000". Article 2 of the Decree-Law No. 119/2011 set the limit of €100,000 as permanent | |
| Slovakia | EUR 100,000 | 100% | November 1, 2008 | Deposit Protection Fund | Credit unions are not covered. |
| Slovenia | EUR 100.000 | 100% | July 28, 2010 | Banka Slovenije, the central bank of the Republic of Slovenia | The Bank of Slovenia joined the Eurosystem in 2007, when the euro replaced the tolar. |
| Spain | EUR 100,000 | 100% | 11 October 2008 | Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos | Before that it was 20.000 €. Since 2011 there is a unified fund for banks, savings banks and cooperative banks. |
| Sweden | SEK 950,000 | 100% | December 31, 2010 | Swedish National Debt Office | The deposit limit was changed to 950,000 SEK on July 1, 2016, which at the time was valued at approximately 100,000 EUR. |
| United Kingdom | GBP 85,000 | 100% | January 1, 2016 | Financial Services Compensation Scheme | Before October 1, 2007 coverage was 100% of the first GBP 2,000 and 90% between 2,000 and 35,000. Amount raised from GBP 35,000 to 50,000 effective October 7, 2008. Amount raised from GBP 50,000 to 85,000 effective January 1, 2011. |
Footnote: According to Art. 7 of Directive 94/19/EC all EU Member States were expected to increase the amount to EUR 100,000 as of 31 December 2010. This is the case in all EU countries. For countries with non-EURO currency the limits are near to EUR 100,000 e.g. in Denmark DKK 750,000 which is near to that limit, depending on EUR-DKK rate.
Rest of Europe
Albania
Deposit insurance in Albania is handled by the Albanian Deposit Insurance Agency and covers deposits up to a maximum of ALL2,500,000.Andorra
Deposit insurance in Andorra is handled by the Institut Nacional Andorrà de Finances and covers deposits up to a maximum limit of EUR100,000 made by natural persons and legal entities, irrespective of their nationality or domicile.Belarus
Deposit insurance in Belarus is handled by the Agency of Deposit Compensation and covers 100% of deposits, but only those belonging to individuals, not organizations.Iceland
Deposit insurance in Iceland is handled by Depositors' and Investors' Guarantee Fund and covers a minimum of 20,887 euros. However, the fund was drastically insufficient to cover the bank failures of the 2008–2012 Icelandic financial crisis, particularly Icesave. This case shows the limits of deposit insurance in protecting against systemic failure, especially when a small country offers banking to international customers.Liechtenstein
Deposit insurance in Liechtenstein is handled by the Liechtenstein Bankers Association and covers deposits up to CHF100,000.Monaco
Banks operating in Monaco participate in the French deposit guarantee scheme on the same conditions as French banks.Norway
Deposit insurance in Norway is handled by the Norwegian Banks' Guarantee Fund and covers deposits up to 2 million NOK.Russia
Russia enacted deposit insurance law in December 2003 and established the national deposit insurance agency in 2004. Until 2004, the Russian banking system was divided: obligations of state-owned Sberbank were guaranteed by law, while other banks were not insured in any way, creating an unfair advantage for Sberbank. The law addresses only individuals' deposits. Maximum compensation is limited to 1,400,000 roubles. As at January 2008, DIA funds exceeded 68 billion roubles. There were 15 "insured events" in 2007 with resulting payout reaching 350 million roubles.The agency is set up as a state-owned corporation, managed jointly by Central Bank and the government of Russia. DIA membership is mandatory requirement for any bank operating with private investors' money. Central Bank of Russia used the admission of banks into the DIA system to weed out unsound banks and money launderers. The murder of Andrey Kozlov, the Central Bank executive in charge of DIA admission, was directly linked to his non-compromising attitude to money launderers.
San Marino
Deposit insurance in San Marino is handled by the Central Bank of San Marino and covers deposits up to EUR50,000.Switzerland
Switzerland has a privately operated deposit insurance system called Deposit Protection of Swiss Banks and Securities Dealers. It guarantees up to CHF 100,000 per bank customer per bank. Membership is compulsory for all banks and securities dealers that are regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority.It had covered depositors in 1993 in the case of the failure of Spar- und Leihkasse Thun SLT, Thun. The next cases happened in 2007 with the liquidation of AB FIN SA in Lugano and with Kauphting SA, Geneva branch which was closed on October 9, 2008. Clients of this bank received the payments within three weeks.
Turkey
Deposit insurance in Turkey is handled by Savings Deposit Insurance Fund and covers a maximum of 100,000 TL.Ukraine
The system of deposit guarantee in Ukraine operates according to the Law of Ukraine «On Households Deposit Guarantee System» of February 23, 2012, Ref. number 4452-VI. and covers deposits up to 200,000 UAH.British Isles Offshore
In response to the financial crisis in 2008, both Guernsey and Jersey introduced deposit compensation schemes. The Guernsey scheme was enacted in November 2008 and offers compensation of up to £50,000 per depositor, subject to an overall cap of £100 million in any five-year period. The scheme does not cover company or, with minor exceptions, trust accounts. The Jersey scheme was enacted in November 2009 and offers a similar level of protection.The Isle of Man bank depositors' insurance scheme was introduced in 1991, to cover 75 percent of the first £15,000 per depositor per bank, but it was the October 2008 crisis-stricken Icelandic government's seizure of Kaupthing Bank hf in Iceland after the United Kingdom suspended the trading licence of Kaupthing's British subsidiary that compelled a radical revision of deposit insurance in the Isle of Man. Unable to secure reserves held by Kaupthing hf in Iceland or Kaupthing's British subsidiary to facilitate customer withdrawals, Kaupthing Singer and Friedlander Ltd. saw its Isle of Man banking licence suspended after operating less than a year, compelling the firm to request to be wound up. The Isle of Man government called an emergency session of the Tynwald parliament, which voted unanimously to bring the Isle of Man depositors' compensation scheme into line with the newly enlarged scheme in the United Kingdom, guaranteeing with immediate effect 100 percent of the first £50,000 per depositor per bank, and studying amendments for the subsequent inclusion within the scheme of corporate and charitable accounts. The Isle of Man government also pressed the Icelandic government to honour Kaupthing hf's irrevocable and binding guarantee of all depositors' funds held by Kaupthing, Singer and Friedlander Ltd.
Oceania
Australia
The last bank failure in which Australian depositors lost money was that of a trading bank, the Primary Producers Bank of Australia, in 1931. Since the early 1930s, banking sector problems have been resolved without losses to depositors.On 12 October 2008, as part of the response to the financial crisis of 2008, Australia set up the Financial Claims Scheme to provide a government guarantee of 100% of all deposits with ADIs for three years in the event of an ADI failing. This was subsequently reduced to a maximum of $1 million per depositor per ADI. This measure was in addition to the mandates of APRA and ASIC to monitor Australian authorised deposit-taking institutions, including banks, to ensure that their risks do not compromise the safety of depositors’ funds. From 1 February 2012, the guarantee was reduced to $250,000 per customer per ADI group. The guarantee also applies to foreign-owned banks, but only to deposit accounts in Australia and only with funds in Australian dollars.
The Australian Government Guarantee Scheme for Large Deposits and Wholesale Funding ended in 2015.
New Zealand
New Zealand announced the Crown Retail Deposit Guarantee Scheme, an opt-in scheme for retail deposits, on October 12, 2008. An extension to the scheme was announced on 25 August 2009 and the scheme ran until 31 December 2011. From 1 January 2012 bank deposits in New Zealand are not protected by the Government.Asia
Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, a deposit insurance scheme was first introduced in 1984 by dint of "The Deposit Insurance Ordinance 1984". In July 2007, the Ordinance was repealed by an Act passed by the parliament called "The Bank Deposit Insurance Act 2000", which currently administers the Deposit Insurance system in Bangladesh. In accordance to the Act Bangladesh Bank is authorized to carry out a Fund called the "Deposit Insurance Trust Fund". The DITF is administered and managed by a Trustee Board. In case of winding up of an insured bank, every depositor of the bank will be paid an amount not exceeding to BDT 100,000 as per "The Bank Deposit Insurance Act 2000".China
China recently introduced preliminary proposals for a bank deposit insurance system, which will eventually cover all individual bank accounts for up to $81,000. With the vast majority of Chinese savers holding far less than the maximum, and the central bank has calculated that 99.6% of depositors will be protected in full. The plan is expected to take effect in January, 2015, and is intended by Chinese officials to increase certainty and help customers better assess risks and protect the nation's financial stability in the event of a crisis. China has one of the world's biggest deposit bases and as of October, bank deposits totaled about $18.2 trillion.India
India introduced Deposit Insurance in 1962. The Deposit Insurance Corporation commenced functioning on January 1, 1962 under the aegis of the Reserve Bank of India. 1971 witnessed the establishment of another institution, the Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd.. In 1978, the DIC and the CGCI were merged to form the .Deposit insurance was hiked from ₹100,000 to ₹500,000 in 2020.Hong Kong
Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board is an independent and statutory institution formed to manage and supervise the operation of Deposit Protection Scheme. The maximum protection amount of deposit was HK$100,000 in 2006, it is now with a limit up to HK$500,000.Japan
, founded in 1971 and based in Tokyo, oversees this function for institutes other than agricultural and fishery co-operative.For agricultural and fishery co-operative and Norinchukin, oversees this.
Malaysia
Malaysia introduced its Deposit Insurance System in September 2005. Malaysia Deposit Insurance Corporation is a statutory body formed under the Malaysia Deposit Insurance Corporation Act. All commercial and Islamic banks, including foreign banks operating in Malaysia, are compulsory member institutions of PIDM. The maximum coverage limit is RM250,000 per depositor per member institution. Islamic accounts, joint accounts, trust accounts and accounts of sole proprietorships, partnerships or persons carrying on professional practices are separately insured up to the RM250,000 limit.PIDM is also mandated to provide incentives for sound risk management in the financial system, as well as promote and contribute to the stability of the financial system.
For more information about MDIC, visit MDIC's website at http://www.pidm.gov.my
Mongolia
During the 2007 global financial crises, Mongolia extended blanket guarantee to protect all bank deposits. At the time the guarantee coverage was 1.7 times higher than the state budget of the country.On 10 January 2013, the Parliament of Mongolia adopted the Law on Insurance for Bank Deposits that establishes a mandatory insurance scheme for the protection of bank monetary deposits.
Philippines
Deposits in the Philippines up to PHP500,000 is covered by the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation . It was raised from the previous insurance coverage of PHP250,000.Singapore
Deposits in Singapore is covered by the Singapore Deposit Insurance Corporation up to a maximum of $75,000 per bank or finance company for each individual depositor.South Korea
South Korea covers bank deposits by Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation to maximum of 50 million wons per bank per each individual. KDIC, founded in 1996 just before the East Asian financial crisis of 1997, proved its effectiveness through the crisis and gradually upgraded its capacity over the years.Deposits made to credit unions of South Korea are not covered by KDIC, but the Korean Federation of Credit Cooperatives and the National Credit Union Federation of Korea regulates their respective members and covers deposits to the same amount covered by KDIC.
Taiwan
Deposits in the Taiwan up to NT$3,000,000 is covered by the Central Deposit Insurance Corporation. It was raised from the previous insurance coverage of NT$1,500,000..Thailand
The complete deposit protection system was introduced in Thailand by the establishment of the Deposit Protection Agency on 11 August 2008, in accordance with the Deposit Protection Agency Act B.E. 2551. The objectives of the Agency as specified by law are providing protection to deposits in the financial institution system, administration of institutions subject to control under the Financial Institutions Businesses Act, and liquidation of financial institutions whose licenses have been revoked. Deposit in Thailand was fully guaranteed until 10 August 2011. From 11 August 2011 until 10 August 2012, the coverage dropped to 50 million baht per depositor per bank. Since then coverage has been limited to THB one million per depositor per bank.Economic impact
When a nation state has a deposit insurance scheme, foreign investors are more likely to passively deposit larger amounts of money into the banks of that nation state.Having a bank deposit insurance scheme guarantees that a nation state will more likely have a higher rate of passive foreign investment.
Passive foreign investment in a nation state's finance system allows for more lending to be made when global finance system conditions constrict the amount of lendable money. There has been substantial research done over the years on the impact on foreign investment of bank deposit insurance schemes.
Deposit insurance enables banks to increase the money supply, without it underfunded banks might suffer a bank run which is prevented by the insurance. This encourages inflation.
Criticisms
Detractors of deposit insurance claim the schemes introduce a moral hazard issue, encouraging both depositors and banks to take on excessive risks. Without deposit insurance, banks would compete prudently for deposits because depositors would prefer safe banks over risky banks to guard their money. With deposit insurance, banks can take excessive risks because depositors do not fear for their deposits' safety and thus do not move their money to safer banks. The risks are shared by all banks, safe or risky.If deposit insurance is provided by another business or corporation, like other insurance agreements, there is a presumption that the insurance corporation would either charge higher rates or refuse to cover banks that engaged in extremely risky behavior, which not only solves the problem of moral hazard but also reduces the risk of a bank run.
The Bibby plan, which avoids the problem of moral hazard but still prevents bank runs, would have the state provide deposit insurance, with the banks paying regular premiums to the state reflecting the extent of the deposit insurance. The level of the deposit insurance could be at the choice of the banks, and the inherent risk in that particular bank. The plan would allow some element of differentiation between banks in terms of investment risk and in the level of insurance offered.