Cyclic code
In coding theory, a cyclic code is a block code, where the circular shifts of each codeword gives another word that belongs to the code. They are error-correcting codes that have algebraic properties that are convenient for efficient error detection and correction.
Definition
Let be a linear code over a finite field of block length n. is called a cyclic code if, for every codeword c= from C, the word in obtained by a cyclic right shift of components is again a codeword. Because one cyclic right shift is equal to n − 1 cyclic left shifts, a cyclic code may also be defined via cyclic left shifts. Therefore the linear code is cyclic precisely when it is invariant under all cyclic shifts.Cyclic Codes have some additional structural constraint on the codes. They are based on Galois fields and because of their structural properties they are very useful for error controls. Their structure is strongly related to Galois fields because of which the encoding and decoding algorithms for cyclic codes are computationally efficient.
Algebraic structure
Cyclic codes can be linked to ideals in certain rings. Let be a polynomial ring over the finite field. Identify the elements of the cyclic code C with polynomials in R such thatmaps to the polynomial
This must be a divisor of. It follows that every cyclic code is a polynomial code.
If the generator polynomial g has degree d then the rank of the code C is.
The idempotent of C is a codeword e such that e2 = e and e is an identity for the code, that is e c = c for every codeword c. If n and q are coprime such a word always exists and is unique; it is a generator of the code.
An irreducible code is a cyclic code in which the code, as an ideal is irreducible, i.e. is minimal in R, so that its check polynomial is an irreducible polynomial.
Examples
For example, if A= and n=3, the set of codewords contained in cyclic code generated by is preciselyIt corresponds to the ideal in generated by.
The polynomial is irreducible in the polynomial ring, and hence the code is an irreducible code.
The idempotent of this code is the polynomial, corresponding to the codeword.
Trivial examples
Trivial examples of cyclic codes are An itself and the code containing only the zero codeword. These correspond to generators 1 and respectively: these two polynomials must always be factors of.Over GF the parity bit code, consisting of all words of even weight, corresponds to generator. Again over GF this must always be a factor of.
Quasi-cyclic codes and shortened codes
Before delving into the details of cyclic codes first we will discuss quasi-cyclic and shortened codes which are closely related to the cyclic codes and they all can be converted into each other.Definition
Quasi-cyclic codes:An quasi-cyclic code is a linear block code such that, for some which is coprime to, the polynomial is a codeword polynomial whenever is a codeword polynomial.
Here, codeword polynomial is an element of a linear code whose code words are polynomials that are divisible by a polynomial of shorter length called the generator polynomial. Every codeword polynomial can be expressed in the form, where is the generator polynomial. Any codeword of a cyclic code can be associated with a codeword polynomial, namely,. A quasi-cyclic code with equal to is a cyclic code.
Definition
Shortened codes:An linear code is called a proper shortened cyclic code if it can be obtained by deleting positions from an cyclic code.
In shortened codes information symbols are deleted to obtain a desired blocklength smaller than the design blocklength. The missing information symbols are usually imagined to be at the beginning of the codeword and are considered to be 0. Therefore, − is fixed, and then is decreased which eventually decreases. It is not necessary to delete the starting symbols. Depending on the application sometimes consecutive positions are considered as 0 and are deleted.
All the symbols which are dropped need not be transmitted and at the receiving end can be reinserted. To convert cyclic code to shortened code, set symbols to zero and drop them from each codeword. Any cyclic code can be converted to quasi-cyclic codes by dropping every th symbol where is a factor of. If the dropped symbols are not check symbols then this cyclic code is also a shortened code.
Cyclic codes for correcting errors
Now, we will begin the discussion of cyclic codes explicitly with error detection and correction. Cyclic codes can be used to correct errors, like Hamming codes as a cyclic codes can be used for correcting single error. Likewise, they are also used to correct double errors and burst errors. All types of error corrections are covered briefly in the further subsections.The Hamming code has a generator polynomial. This polynomial has a zero in Galois extension field at the primitive element, and all codewords satisfy. Cyclic codes can also be used to correct double errors over the field. Blocklength will be equal to and primitive elements and as zeros in the because we are considering the case of two errors here, so each will represent one error.
The received word is a polynomial of degree given as
where can have at most two nonzero coefficients corresponding to 2 errors.
We define the Syndrome Polynomial, as the remainder of polynomial when divided by the generator polynomial i.e.
as.
For correcting two errors
Let the field elements and be the two error location numbers. If only one error occurs then is equal to zero and if none occurs both are zero.Let and.
These field elements are called "syndromes". Now because is zero at primitive elements and, so we can write and. If say two errors occur, then
and
And these two can be considered as two pair of equations in with two unknowns and hence we can write
and
Hence if the two pair of nonlinear equations can be solved cyclic codes can used to correct two errors.
Hamming code
The Hamming code may be written as a cyclic code over GF with generator. In fact, any binary Hamming code of the form Ham is equivalent to a cyclic code, and any Hamming code of the form Ham with r and q-1 relatively prime is also equivalent to a cyclic code. Given a Hamming code of the form Ham with, the set of even codewords forms a cyclic -code.Hamming code for correcting single errors
A code whose minimum distance is at least 3, have a check matrix all of whose columns are distinct and non zero. If a check matrix for a binary code has rows, then each column is an -bit binary number. There are possible columns. Therefore if a check matrix of a binary code with at least 3 has rows, then it can only have columns, not more than that. This defines a code, called Hamming code.It is easy to define Hamming codes for large alphabets of size. We need to define one matrix with linearly independent columns. For any word of size there will be columns who are multiples of each other. So, to get linear independence all non zero -tuples with one as a top most non zero element will be chosen as columns. Then two columns will never be linearly dependent because three columns could be linearly dependent with the minimum distance of the code as 3.
So, there are nonzero columns with one as top most non zero element. Therefore, a Hamming code is a code.
Now, for cyclic codes, Let be primitive element in, and let. Then and thus is a zero of the polynomial and is a generator polynomial for the cyclic code of block length.
But for,. And the received word is a polynomial of degree given as
where, or where represents the error locations.
But we can also use as an element of to index error location. Because, we have and all powers of from to are distinct. Therefore we can easily determine error location from unless which represents no error. So, a Hamming code is a single error correcting code over with and.
Cyclic codes for correcting burst errors
From Hamming distance concept, a code with minimum distance can correct any errors. But in many channels error pattern is not very arbitrary, it occurs within very short segment of the message. Such kind of errors are called burst errors. So, for correcting such errors we will get a more efficient code of higher rate because of the less constraints. Cyclic codes are used for correcting burst error. In fact, cyclic codes can also correct cyclic burst errors along with burst errors. Cyclic burst errors are defined asA cyclic burst of length is a vector whose nonzero components are among consecutive components, the first and the last of which are nonzero.
In polynomial form cyclic burst of length can be described as with as a polynomial of degree with nonzero coefficient. Here defines the pattern and defines the starting point of error. Length of the pattern is given by deg. The syndrome polynomial is unique for each pattern and is given by
A linear block code that corrects all burst errors of length or less must have at least check symbols. Proof: Because any linear code that can correct burst pattern of length or less cannot have a burst of length or less as a codeword because if it did then a burst of length could change the codeword to burst pattern of length, which also could be obtained by making a burst error of length in all zero codeword. Now, any two vectors that are non zero in the first components must be from different co-sets of an array to avoid their difference being a codeword of bursts of length. Therefore number of such co-sets are equal to number of such vectors which are. Hence at least co-sets and hence at least check symbol.
This property is also known as Rieger bound and it is similar to the singleton bound for random error correcting.
Fire codes as cyclic bounds
In 1959, Philip Fire presented a construction of cyclic codes generated by a product of a binomial and a primitive polynomial. The binomial has the form for some positive odd integer. Fire code is a cyclic burst error correcting code over with the generator polynomialwhere is a prime polynomial with degree not smaller than and does not divide. Block length of the fire code is the smallest integer such that divides
A fire code can correct all burst errors of length t or less if no two bursts and appear in the same co-set. This can be proved by contradiction. Suppose there are two distinct nonzero bursts and of length or less and are in the same co-set of the code. So, their difference is a codeword. As the difference is a multiple of it is also a multiple of. Therefore,
This shows that is a multiple of, So
for some. Now, as is less than and is less than so is a codeword. Therefore,
Since degree is less than degree of, cannot divide. If is not zero, then also cannot divide as is less than and by definition of, divides for no smaller than. Therefore and equals to zero. That means both that both the bursts are same, contrary to assumption.
Fire codes are the best single burst correcting codes with high rate and they are constructed analytically. They are of very high rate and when and are equal, redundancy is least and is equal to. By using multiple fire codes longer burst errors can also be corrected.
For error detection cyclic codes are widely used and are called cyclic redundancy codes.
Cyclic codes on Fourier transform
Applications of Fourier transform are widespread in signal processing. But their applications are not limited to the complex fields only; Fourier transforms also exist in the Galois field. Cyclic codes using Fourier transform can be described in a setting closer to the signal processing.Fourier transform over finite fields
The discrete Fourier transform of vector is given by a vector where,= where,
where exp is an th root of unity. Similarly in the finite field th root of unity is element of order. Therefore
If is a vector over, and be an element of of order, then Fourier transform of the vector is the vector and components are given by
= where,
Here is time index, is frequency and ' is the spectrum. One important difference between Fourier transform in complex field and Galois field is that complex field exists for every value of while in Galois field exists only if divides. In case of extension fields, there will be a Fourier transform in the extension field if divides for some.
In Galois field time domain vector is over the field but the spectrum ' may be over the extension field.
Spectral description of cyclic codes
Any codeword of cyclic code of blocklength can be represented by a polynomial of degree at most. Its encoder can be written as. Therefore in frequency domain encoder can be written as. Here codeword spectrum has a value in but all the components in the time domain are from. As the data spectrum is arbitrary, the role of is to specify those where will be zero.Thus, cyclic codes can also be defined as
Given a set of spectral indices,, whose elements are called check frequencies, the cyclic code is the set of words over whose spectrum is zero in the components indexed by. Any such spectrum will have components of the form.
So, cyclic codes are vectors in the field and the spectrum given by its inverse fourier transform is over the field and are constrained to be zero at certain components. But every spectrum in the field and zero at certain components may not have inverse transforms with components in the field. Such spectrum can not be used as cyclic codes.
Following are the few bounds on the spectrum of cyclic codes.
BCH bound
If be a factor of for some. The only vector in of weight or less that has consecutive components of its spectrum equal to zero is all-zero vector.Hartmann-Tzeng bound
If be a factor of for some, and an integer that is coprime with. The only vector in of weight or less whose spectralcomponents equal zero for, where and, is the all zero vector.
Roos bound
If be a factor of for some and. The only vector inof weight or less whose spectral components equal to zero for, where and takes at least values in the range, is the all-zero vector.