Controlled Drugs and Substances Act


The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is Canada's federal drug control statute. Passed in 1996 under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's government, it repeals the Narcotic Control Act and Parts III and IV of the Food and Drugs Act, and establishes eight Schedules of controlled substances and two Classes of. It provides that "The Governor in Council may, by order, amend any of Schedules I to VIII by adding to them or deleting from them any item or portion of an item, where the Governor in Council deems the amendment to be necessary in the public interest."
The Act serves as the implementing legislation for the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

Amendments to the act

In November 2007, the Justice Minister Rob Nicholson introduced Bill C-26, which proposed a number of mandatory minimum penalties imposed on those who commit drug offences. On February 27, 2009, Bill C-15, a re-introduction of C-26 received first reading in the Second Session of the 40th Zl of Canada. On June 9, 2009, the House of Commons passed Bill C-15 and it went to the Senate for study and approval. On December 14, 2009, the Senate passed Bill C-15, with some amendments, for approval by the House of Commons. When the Canadian Parliament dissolved in a prorogation on January 31, 2010, Bill C15, along with all unpassed legislation then tabled before the Commons, fell. Early in 2012, the next parliament passed Bill C-10, receiving Royal Assent in March. The final legislation sees changes made to four areas of the Act, outlining mandatory minimum sentences for offences relating to the trafficking and production of various controlled substances. Mandatory minimum sentencing does not apply to simple possession and trafficking in smaller amounts. On October 17, 2018, the federal Cannabis Act came into effect, legalizing the possession, sale and production of cannabis. Everyone with a criminal record for cannabis possession became eligible to apply for a pardon on this date.

List of drugs

The list below reflects the list of drugs scheduled in Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.

Schedule I

  1. Opium
  2. Codeine
  3. Morphine
  4. Thebaine and the salts, derivatives and salts of derivatives of the substances set out in subitems to, including:
  5. Acetorphine
  6. Acetyldihydrocodeine
  7. Benzylmorphine
  8. Codoxime
  9. Desomorphine
  10. Diacetylmorphine
  11. Dihydrocodeine
  12. Dihydromorphine
  13. Ethylmorphine
  14. Etorphine
  15. Hydrocodone
  16. Hydromorphinol
  17. Hydromorphone
  18. Methyldesorphine
  19. Methyldihydromorphine
  20. Metopon
  21. Morphine-N-oxide
  22. Myrophine
  23. Nalorphine
  24. Nicocodine
  25. Nicomorphine
  26. Norcodeine
  27. Normorphine
  28. Oxycodone
  29. Oxymorphone
  30. Pholcodine
  31. Thebacon but not including:
  32. Apomorphine and its salts
  33. Cyprenorphine -6,7,8,14-tetrahydro-7α- and its salts
  34. Nalmefene and its salts
  35. # Naloxone and its salts
  36. # Naltrexone and its salts
  37. # Methylnaltrexone and its salts
  38. # Naloxegol -17- and its salts
  39. Narcotine -1 and its salts
  40. Papaverine and its salts
  41. Poppy seed
  1. Coca leaves
  2. Cocaine
  3. Ecgonine
  1. Allylprodine
  2. Alphameprodine
  3. Alphaprodine
  4. Anileridine
  5. Betameprodine
  6. Betaprodine
  7. Benzethidine
  8. Diphenoxylate
  9. Difenoxin
  10. Etoxeridine
  11. Furethidine
  12. Hydroxypethidine
  13. Ketobemidone
  14. Methylphenylisonipecotonitrile
  15. Morpheridine
  16. Norpethidine
  17. Pethidine
  18. Phenoperidine
  19. Piminodine
  20. Properidine
  21. Trimeperidine
  22. Pethidine Intermediate C but not including:
  23. Carbamethidine and its salts
  24. Oxpheneridine and its salts
  1. Proheptazine but not including:
  2. Ethoheptazine and its salts
  3. Metethoheptazine and its salts
  4. Metheptazine and its salts
  1. Dimethylaminodiphenylbutanonitrile
  2. Dipipanone
  3. Isomethadone
  4. Methadone
  5. Normethadone
  6. Norpipanone
  7. Phenadoxone
  1. Acetylmethadol
  2. Alphacetylmethadol
  3. Alphamethadol
  4. Betacetylmethadol
  5. Betamethadol
  6. Dimepheptanol
  7. Noracymethadol
  1. Dimenoxadol
  2. Dioxaphetyl butyrate
  3. Dextropropoxyphene ]-α--4-
  4. Carfentanil phenylamino]-1-
  5. p-Fluorofentanyl
  6. Fentanyl
  7. β-Hydroxyfentanyl
  8. β-Hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl
  9. α-Methylfentanyl
  10. α-Methylthiofentanyl
  11. 3-Methylfentanyl
  12. 3-Methylthiofentanyl
  13. # Remifentanil
  14. Sufentanil -1-2-
  15. [Thiofentanyl
  1. Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, its salts, derivatives, isomers and analogues and salts of derivatives, isomers and analogues
  1. Amphetamine
  2. N-ethylamphetamine 
  3. 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
  4. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
  5. 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
  6. 4-methoxyamphetamine
  7. 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine
  8. N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxy- amphetamine
  9. 4-ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
  10. 5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy- amphetamine
  11. N,N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
  12. N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
  13. 4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
  14. 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
  15. 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
  16. 4-ethoxyamphetamine
  17. Benzphetamine
  18. N-Propyl-3,4-methylenedioxy- amphetamine
  19. N--α-meth-ylbenzeneethanamine
  20. N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxy- amphetamine
  21. 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine
  1. Diphenidine
  2. Methoxphenidine
  3. Ephenidine
  4. Isophenidine but not including:
  5. Lefetamine, its salts, derivatives and isomers and salts of derivatives and isomers
  1. Any substance that has a 2-phenol structure with substitution at the 1-position of the benzene ring by a hydroxy, ether or ester group and further substituted at the 5-position of the benzene ring, whether or not further substituted on the benzene ring to any extent, and substituted at the 3'-position of the cyclohexyl ring by an alkyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, ether or ester, and whether or not further substituted on the cyclohexyl ring to any extent, including
  2. # Nabilone -trans-3-
  3. # Parahexyl
  4. # 3--7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzopyran-1-ol
  5. # 5--2-phenol
  6. # 5--2-phenol
  7. Any substance that has a 3-indole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent, including
  8. # 1-pentyl-3-indole
  9. # 1-butyl-3-indole
  10. # 1-pentyl-3-indole
  11. # 1-hexyl-3-indole
  12. # 1--3-indole
  13. # 1-butyl-3-indole
  14. # 1-pentyl-3-indole
  15. # 1--3-indole
  16. # 1-pentyl-3-indole
  17. # 1-pentyl-3-indole
  18. # 1--3-indole
  19. # 1--3-indole
  20. # 1--3-indole
  21. # 1--3-indole
  22. # -2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3--1-naphthalenyl-methanone
  23. Any substance that has a 3-pyrrole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring, whether or not further substituted on the pyrrole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent, including
  24. # 1-pentyl-5--3-pyrrole
  25. Any substance that has a 3-phenylacetylindole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted on the phenyl ring to any extent, including
  26. # 1-pentyl-3-indole
  27. # 1-pentyl-3-indole
  28. # 1-pentyl-3-indole
  29. Any substance that has a 3-benzoylindole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted on the phenyl ring to any extent, including
  30. # 1--3-indole
  31. Any substance that has a 3-methanoneindole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted on the cyclopropyl ring to any extent, including
  32. # -methanone
  33. # -methanone
  34. # -methanone
  35. Any substance that has a quinolin-8-yl 1H-indole-3-carboxylate structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted on the quinolin-8-yl ring to any extent, including
  36. # 1-pentyl-8-quinolinyl ester-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid
  37. # 1--8-quinolinyl ester-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid
  38. Any substance that has a 3-carboxamideindazole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indazole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indazole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted at the carboxamide group to any extent, including
  39. # N--1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide
  40. # N--1--1H-indazole-3-carboxamide
  41. # N--1--1H-indazole-3-carboxamide
  42. # N--1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide
  43. Any substance that has a 3-carboxamideindole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted at the carboxamide group to any extent, including
  44. # N--1-fluoropentylindole-3-carboxamide
  45. # N--1-pentylindole-3-carboxamide

    Schedule III

and any salts, derivatives, isomers, and analogues and salts of derivatives, isomers, and analogues, including:
  1. 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-phenethylamine
  2. 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy-N-phenethylamine
  3. 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-phenethylamine
  4. 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxybenzeneethanamine

    Schedule IV

  1. Allobarbital
  2. Alphenal
  3. Amobarbital
  4. Aprobarbital
  5. Barbital
  6. Butabarbital
  7. Butalbital
  8. Butallylonal
  9. Butethal
  10. Cyclobarbital
  11. Cyclopal
  12. Heptabarbital
  13. Hexethal
  14. Hexobarbital
  15. Mephobarbital
  16. Methabarbital
  17. Methylphenobarbital
  18. Propallylonal
  19. Pentobarbital
  20. Phenobarbital
  21. Probarbital
  22. Phenylmethylbarbituric acid
  23. Secobarbital
  24. Sigmodal -5-
  25. Talbutal
  26. Vinbarbital
  27. Vinylbital but not including:
  28. Barbituric acid and its salts
  29. 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and its salts
  1. Thialbarbital
  2. Thiamylal
  3. Thiobarbituric acid
  4. Thiopental
  1. Alprazolam
  2. Bromazepam
  3. # Brotizolam
  4. Camazepam
  5. Chlordiazepoxide
  6. Clobazam
  7. Clonazepam
  8. Clorazepate
  9. Cloxazolam -2,3, 7,11b-tetrahydrooxazolobenzodiazepin 6-
  10. Delorazepam
  11. Diazepam
  12. Estazolam
  13. Ethyl Loflazepate
  14. Fludiazepam
  15. Flurazepam ethyl]-5-
  16. Halazepam
  17. Haloxazolam -2,3,7,11b-tetrahydrooxazolobenzodiazepin-6
  18. Ketazolam
  19. Loprazolam -2,4-dihydro-2-
  20. [Lorazepam
  21. Lormetazepam
  22. Medazepam
  23. # Midazolam
  24. Nimetazepam
  25. Nitrazepam
  26. Nordazepam
  27. Oxazepam
  28. Oxazolam
  29. Pinazepam
  30. Prazepam
  31. # Quazepam -1,3-dihydro-1-
  32. Temazepam
  33. Tetrazepam
  34. Triazolam but not including:
  35. Clozapine and any salt thereof
  36. Flunitrazepam and any salts or derivatives thereof
  37. Olanzapine and its salts
  38. Clozapine N-oxide and its salts
  1. Cathine
  1. Androisoxazole
  2. Androstanolone
  3. Androstenediol
  4. Bolandiol
  5. Bolasterone
  6. Bolazine
  7. Boldenone
  8. Bolenol
  9. Calusterone
  10. Clostebol
  11. Drostanolone
  12. Enestebol
  13. Epitiostanol
  14. Ethylestrenol
  15. 4-Hydroxy-19-nor testosterone
  16. Fluoxymesterone
  17. Formebolone
  18. Furazabol
  19. Mebolazine
  20. Mesabolone
  21. Mesterolone
  22. Metandienone
  23. Metenolone
  24. Methandriol
  25. Methyltestosterone
  26. Metribolone
  27. Mibolerone
  28. Nandrolone
  29. Norboletone
  30. Norclostebol
  31. Norethandrolone
  32. Oxabolone
  33. Oxandrolone
  34. Oxymesterone
  35. Oxymetholone
  36. Prasterone
  37. Quinbolone
  38. Stanozolol
  39. Stenbolone
  40. Testosterone
  41. Tibolone -17-hydroxy-7-methyl-19-norpregn-5
  42. Tiomesterone
  43. Trenbolone
  1. Pemoline and any salt thereof
  1. Salvinorin A -9--2-

    Schedule V

1996, c. 19, Sch. V; SOR/2002-361, s. 1; SOR/2003-32, s. 7; 2017, c. 7, s. 50.

Schedule VI (Precursors)

PART 1

Class A Precursors
Class B Precursors
Preparations and Mixtures

Schedule VIII

Laws – Penalties

Possession

If tried as an indictable offence, the defendant is liable to:
Schedule I: Maximum 7 years' imprisonment
Schedule II: Maximum 5 years' imprisonment
Schedule III: Maximum 3 years' imprisonment
Schedule IV: It is not an indictable offence to possess a Schedule IV substance for personal use.
If tried as a summary conviction offence, the defendant is liable to:
Schedule I, II, or III: Maximum $1000 fine for the first offence and/or a maximum 6-month term of imprisonment, increasing to a maximum fine of $2000 for each subsequent offense and/or a maximum of 1 year in prison.
Schedule IV: It is not a summary offence to possess a Schedule IV substance for personal use.
It should also be noted that Section, Subsection of the CDSA reads that any person who obtains or who makes any attempt to obtain a Schedule I through IV substance from a physician without fully disclosing the details of any previous instances of obtaining a Schedule I through IV substance in the preceding thirty days, a practice often referred to as "doctor shopping", is guilty of a summary or indictable offense, as per Section, Subsection and.

Trafficking/Possession for the Purpose of

If tried as an indictable offence, the defendant is liable to:
Schedule I or Schedule II: Maximum life imprisonment
Schedule III: Maximum 10 years' imprisonment
Schedule IV: Maximum 3 years' imprisonment
Or, if tried as a summary conviction, the defendant is liable to:
Schedule III: Maximum 18 months' imprisonment
Schedule IV: Maximum 1 year's imprisonment

Exportation/Possession for the Purpose of

If tried as an indictable offence, the defendant is liable to:
Schedule I or Schedule II: Maximum life imprisonment
Schedule III or Schedule IV: Maximum 10 years' imprisonment
Schedule V or Schedule VI: Maximum 3 years' imprisonment
Or, if tried as a summary conviction, the defendant is liable to:
Schedule III or Schedule IV: Maximum 18 months' imprisonment
Schedule V or Schedule VI: Maximum 1 year's imprisonment

Production

If tried as an indictable offence, the defendant is liable to:
Schedule I or Schedule II: Maximum life imprisonment
Schedule III: Maximum 10 years' imprisonment
Schedule IV: Maximum 3 years' imprisonment
Or, if tried as a summary conviction, the defendant is liable to:
Schedule III: Maximum 18 months' imprisonment
Schedule IV: Maximum 1 year's imprisonment