Clayoquot SoundBiosphere Reserve is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve situated in Vancouver Island on the west coast of British Columbia. A diverse range of ecosystems exist within the biosphere reserve boundaries, including temperate coastal rainforest, ocean and rocky coastal shores. Nine of the large forested valleys remain untouched by logging or other industrial development. The area's temperate rainforest, lakes, rivers and alpine peaks provide habitats for a vast array of species, a significant number of which are endangered or rare. Given that development is increasingly resulting in the fragmentation of forest and alpine ecosystems and loss of biodiversity in coastal rainforests, this biosphere reserve provides a refuge and centre for the natural dispersion and re-establishment of species.
Ecological characteristics
The primary habitat of the Clayoquot Biosphere is temperate rainforest, covering 85% of the terrestrial component and extending to altitudes of about 900 m. The habitat is dominated by large trees including the Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Amabilis Fir, Western Yellow Cedar, Sitka Spruce, Pine, Douglas Fir, Yew and Red Alder. There are approximately 300 vertebrae species, including the American black bear, cougar, American mink and grey wolf. The second common habitat covering 12% of the Clayoquot Sound above 900 m is temperate rainforest. Dominant trees include the Mountain Hemlock, Western Yellow Cedar and Amabilis Fir. Fewer species are found at such a high altitude, but include some those of those found at lower altitudes. The marine component of the Clayoquot supports mud flats, beaches and estuaries. The reserve contains the largest cover of eelgrass on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Gray whales, orcas, humpback whales and a variety of other whale, dolphin and porpoise species are common. Stellers and California sea lions are also found in the reserve. Commercial aquaculture of native salmon species and introduced Atlantic salmon, oysters and scallops constitute significant economic activities.
Socio-economic characteristics
The permanent population amounts to about 5,000 people. At least one-third are Nuu-chah-nulthFirst Nations, whose traditional territories encompass the entire biosphere reserve. Since 2000, the local economy has moved away from heavy dependency on industrial forestry and fisheries towards a more ecologically sensitive approach informed by Nuu-chah-nulth cultural principles, and small-scale alternatives built around a conservation economy. Aquaculture is also well established. Tourism and related services have grown rapidly along the coast, both in and between two towns accessible from the only road into the biosphere reserve. Seasonal visitors amount to about 1 million annually.
