Chrisstanleyite, Ag2Pd3Se4, is a selenide mineral that crystallizes in high saline, acidic hydrothermal solution at low temperatures as part of selenide vein inclusions in and alongside calcite veins. It tends to be found in assemblages of other selenides: jagueite, naumannite, fischesserite, oosterboschite, and tiemannite, and it is a solid solution mineral with jagueite Cu2Pd3Se4 in which it shares a unique crystal structure that has not been identified elsewhere . Chrisstanleyite and jagueite are unlike the other minerals of the selenide family as they do not have a sulfide analogue. First discovered by Werner Paar from a sample received from Hope's Nose, Torquay, Devon, England, chrisstanleyite has since been discovered in the Pilbara region of Western Australia and in El Chire,. Chrisstanleyite was named after the Deputy Head and Associate Keeper at the Department of Mineralogy at The Natural History Museum in London.
Composition
The chemical formula of chrisstanleyite is Ag2Pd3Se4 and contains trace amounts of Cu. Based on the sample received from Hope's Nose, England, Paar was able to utilize 7 grains in two polished sections to run 26 analyses. The results of the analysis allowed Paar et al. to derive the average composition as Σ2.03Pd3.02Se3.95, or the ideal formula of Ag2Pd3Se4. The weight percent per element to create the ideal formula is Pd 37.52, Ag 25.36, Se 37.12, totaling 100%. The presence of Cu in the sample proved important as the discovery of chrisstanleyite in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia found intergrown with an unnamed Cu-dominant equivalent. In 2004, this unknown mineral was officially named jagueite, Cu2Pd3Se4, after being found in El Chire, Argentina and has been identified to form a solid-solution with chrisstanleyite.
Geologic Occurrence
Chrisstanleyite occurs in selenide inclusions in and along calcite veins that cut throughlimestone. A selenide vein 10 cm below a calcite vein in Hope's Nose, where chrisstanleyite was initially identified, reflected a well-defined zoned sequence of minerals. The top of the sequence included native gold with small amounts of silver, while the middle layer consisted of palladian gold. The bottom layer consisted of selenide, primarily made of fischesserite. Chrisstanleyite was identified in a second deposit, a dolomite-rich assemblage in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Within the assemblage included a homogeneous fine-grained layer of malachite, quartz, and goethite along with heterogeneous grouping of dark nodules and masses in a malachite-quartz matrix. A group of selenides were found in these masses and include berzelianite Cu2Se, umangite Cu3S2, naumannite Ag2Se, oosterboschite 7Se5, luberoite Pt5Se4, chrisstanleyite, and, at the time, the unknown jagueite. Native silver, gold, unidentified palladium and platinum oxides, and several other minerals were identified as well. A similar ore deposit was found in Northern Australia and had had microthermometry and low-temperature laser Raman spectroscopy utilized in this assemblage. The results showed the minerals came from an acidic, high saline hydrothermal solution at temperatures of 140 °C. The interaction of hydrothermal fluids with feldspathic rocks precipitated the ore minerals. A third deposit of chrisstanleyite was found in El Chire, La Rioja, Argentina in a cutting calcite vein containing only one selenide-bearing vein through a hematite-rich sandstone and arkose host rocks. These rocks, similar to those from the Pilbara Region in Australia, were hydrothermally altered. The selenide vein included similar minerals tiemannite HgSe, naumannite, clausthalite, umangite, klockmannite, chrisstanleyite, and jagueite. It was identified that the grains of chrisstanleyite were surrounded by a rim of unnamed metals, which were too thin to extract for identification, though it is associated with a silvery-mercury alloy. This allowed determination of crystallization for the selenide assemblage: chrisstanleyite and jagueite → → naumannite and tiemannite → umangite and klockmannite → Pd-free native gold.
Structure
The crystal structure for chrisstanleyite has two different polyhedra structures that intersect and support each other, which is the same as jagueite. An AgSe4 tetrahedral creates a grooved layer that are grouped in of Ag2Se6, which share four vertices with adjacent dimers. Oriented alternatively above and below the layer are the two remaining vertices for each tetrahedron, resulting in the corrugation of the silver-based layer as well the sharing of Se atoms with Pd polyhedra. The second framework consists of single coordination squares of Pd1 and paired Pd2 polyhedra, which create a zig-zag composition. These Pd2 polyhedra are layered at an angle and interconnected by the Pd1 squares. This then creates the c glide planes that cause the zig-zag pattern. Stability in the two frameworks is created by the metal-metal bonds in the direction of . These interconnect the metal atoms of one layer of the zig-zag structure, as well as taking the Pd2 arrangement of both adjacent layers. The linear arrangement of these three layers creates stability for the creased angles of the Pd2 zig-zag pattern. The structures found in chrisstanleyite and jagueite appear to be different from that of any other mineral. Comparing these with other Pd and Pt sulfides and selenides, no relations have been found. The closest structure found was with KCuPdSe5, which also forms corrugated layers, but the diagonally stacked squares are only one polyhedron deep. Additionally, the distances of Pd-Cu structures are not that of metal-metal bonds. Topa et al. concluded that chrisstanleyite and jagueite are a new structure type lacking a sulfide counterpart.
Special Characteristics
A prominent feature chrisstanleyite has and shares with oosterboschite is that it has fine polysynthetic and parquet-like. The difference between the two is that chrisstanleyite anisotropic rotation tints is much more colorful. Chrisstanleyite, also, forms a limited solid-solution with jagueite. Based on samples found in the Pilbara Region, the two minerals were both yellow and indistinguishable in reflected light and had weak bireflectance and moderate anisotropy.
