Childs Restaurants


Childs Restaurants was one of the first national dining chains in the United States and Canada, having peaked in the 1920s and 1930s with about 125 locations in dozens of markets, serving over 50,000,000 meals a year, with over $37 million in assets at the time. Childs was a pioneer in a number of areas, including design, service, sanitation, and labor relations. It was a contemporary of food service companies such as Horn & Hardart, and a predecessor of companies such as McDonald's.

History

The first Childs Restaurant was launched in 1889 by brothers Samuel S. Childs and William Childs, on the ground level of the Merchants Hotel, at 41 Cortlandt Street, in New York City's Financial District. The brothers' concept for the establishment was to provide economical meals to the working class, quickly, with an unusually high emphasis – for the period – on cleanliness and hygiene. Their novel design format included white tiles, white uniforms, and waitresses instead of then-common waiters. In addition to these signature characteristics, Childs locations also featured their pancake griddles in the front window. Within five years, Childs had grown to five profitable locations. They also are credited as inventors of the "tray line" self-service cafeteria format, which they introduced in 1898 at their 130 Broadway location.
In 1898, the brothers, confident and ready for more aggressive expansion, combined with several investors to legally incorporate The Childs Unique Dairy Company, with capitalization of $1,000,000, and the stated intent to "establish and operate restaurants in New York City and elsewhere". It was widely speculated, and finally confirmed in 1912, that several officers of the Standard Oil Company were investors in the restaurant chain, including Henry Morgan Tilford and Charles Sweeney. At some point, "duPont interests" also gained a significant stock position, which would eventually cause problems for the family owners.
In 1899, F.O. Hendrick, a nephew of Samuel and William Childs, launched a casual luncheon restaurant at 142 Fulton Street, practically across the street from his uncles' first location on Cortlandt Street, which was by then 10 years old and highly successful. After a short period of family competition, Hendrick ultimately brought his restaurant under the Childs umbrella, and remained an operating executive of Childs Restaurants until the family lost control.
In 1906, fifteen similar restaurants which were independently owned and operated by Ellsworth Childs were consolidated into the company. Thereafter, Ellsworth remained an executive of Childs until his death in 1929, and is cited as a driving force behind the physical expansion during that period.

Peak years

In September 1919, the company launched an employee stock ownership plan for its restaurant managers, and three years later, extended the plan to all employees. Within 10 years, employees would own almost 25% of the company's common stock.
By 1925, the chain operated 107 locations in 29 cities, served 50,000,000 meals every year, and was reporting consistent annual profits of $2,000,000. The company also grew to include other real estate interests. In March 1925, company president Samuel S. Childs died, although he had not been personally involved in the business for some time, instead focusing on his political career and many other civic and business activities. Operation of the restaurants had long been delegated to his brother and co-founder William, as vice president and general manager, and other family members.
The late 1920s witnessed a roller-coaster of events for the company. In November 1925, the Childs company became a major partner in the development of the landmark Savoy-Plaza Hotel, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street. Around 1927, William Childs began to impose his vegetarian dietary preferences on the chain's menu, which generated significant backlash from customers and his fellow managers and investors. The company's stock reached a low of $44 in 1928, and during a board meeting on December 12, 1928, William was pressed into resigning as President, but remained Chairman of the Board. At the following board meeting on January 30, 1929, William attempted to turn the tide by firing several executive officers and company directors, replacing them with family members. A proxy battle ensued, but on March 7, 1929, William and his supporters lost the fight to retain control of the company he co-founded 40 years before, by then valued around $37,000,000. He did retain a modest non-controlling equity position, which he eventually sold and/or bequeathed.

Decline and rebirth

In the 1930s, no longer under the direction of the Childs family, the chain returned meat to its menus, introduced alcohol at many locations, and launched a new subsidiary division called "The Host", meant to be lower-priced than Childs. The company also obtained the hot dog vending license for the 1939 World's Fair in Flushing Meadows, which turned out a financial mistake.
In August 1943, under pressure of significant debt maturity, the company filed for bankruptcy reorganization. Childs emerged from bankruptcy in 1947, and continued to operate through the 1940s and 1950s.
By 1950, the company had shrunk to only 53 locations, and was losing money. Nonetheless, it managed to acquire the candy and ice cream maker Louis Sherry Inc., and announced several significant operational changes, including "returning to its old custom of flap-jack making in the windows" and the introduction of prepared meats, to eliminate the need for butchering on-site.
In 1955, a young hotelier named A.M. "Sonny" Sonnabend assumed the presidency of the Childs company, and pointed the enterprise in a new direction. In a series of coordinated transactions, the company's name was changed to Hotel Corporation of America, it acquired the Plaza Hotel in New York, and entered into long-term leases for three other hotels in Boston, Cleveland, and Chicago. The company was then structured into three divisions: restaurants, manufacturing and distribution of packaged foods, and hotels.
In 1961, substantially all of the remaining Childs restaurant operations, now greatly diminished in number and considered part of the company's past, were sold to the Riese Organization, which as of 2009 operates more than 100 restaurants throughout New York City, including franchised units of Dunkin' Donuts, KFC, Pizza Hut, T.G.I. Friday's and Houlihan's. A number of the Riese properties are former Childs Restaurants.
In 1970, Hotel Corporation of America was again renamed, to Sonesta International Hotels Corporation. As of 2009, the company operates 25 hotels on 3 continents, and owns several cruise ships, and is still led by the Sonnabend family.

Architecture

Despite their market position, Childs Restaurants were distinguished for their architectural quality, and former locations continue to be appreciated by historic preservationists. In his design and construction efforts, William Childs and his internal architect of 30 years, John Corley Westervelt, consulted and engaged respected architects including William Van Alen, Hirons & Dennison, Pruitt & Brown, and McKim, Mead, and White. One design critique from 1924 declared that Childs "...stands as a milestone marking an enormous advance in the taste of what we are pleased to describe as the ‘common people’ of America". In more recent years, celebrated architect Robert A.M. Stern described the Childs design as "austerely-elegant", and recognized their savvy in tailoring design to environment, such as in midtown Manhattan, where Childs was the first to make "dramatic use of large sheets of curved glass for corner windows", now a common technique.

Notable locations

The table that follows is an incomplete list of locations that were built for Childs and reflect the company's style. Note that references often have pictures and more detailed histories, and links in the Address column, where provided, link to individual Wikipedia articles about the buildings listed:
PlaceAddressCompletedNotes and 2014 StatusReferences
Manhattan, NY815 Broadway1897By John C. Westervelt. In use as a small commercial building.
Manhattan, NY36 West 34th Street1904By John C. Westervelt. In use as a commercial building. Westervelt's office was here until his death in 1934.
Manhattan, NY194 Broadway1911By John C. Westervelt. Demolished in 2007 to build the Fulton Center at the existing Fulton Street station.
Brooklyn, NY1208 Surf Avenue1917By John C. Westervelt. Closed 1943. Designated New York City landmark, home of Coney Island USA arts organization.
Toronto, ON279 Yonge Street1918By John C. Westervelt. Closed by 1963. In use as a Hard Rock Cafe until ca. 2015. Vacant as of February 2018.
Brooklyn, NY530 Fulton Street1919By John C. Westervelt. In use as a commercial building.
Manhattan, NY377 Fifth Avenue1921By Severance and Van Alen. In use as a commercial building.
Brooklyn, NY219 South 4th Street1922Has plaque with Childs logo and year built, but historic use and connection to Childs is not clear. Presently a commercial building.
Brooklyn, NY2102 Boardwalk1923By Dennison & Hirons. Closed 1952. Designated New York City landmark, now part of Ford Amphitheater at Coney Island. Prototype for later nautical themed buildings.
Manhattan, NY604 Fifth Avenue1925By William Van Alen. Altered, in use as a T.G.I. Friday's.
Queens, NY63-19 Roosevelt Avenue1925Nautical theme. In use as a commercial building.
Manhattan, NY421 Seventh Avenue1926By William Van Alen. 14 story building housed a restaurant on ground floor and some corporate functions above. By 1940 restaurant had moved next door to 425 Seventh Ave. Altered, in use as an office building with ground floor retail.
Washington, D.C.2 Massachusetts Avenue NW1926By William Van Alen. Closed 1955. In use as a bank.
Atlantic City, NJBoardwalk at South Carolina Avenue1927Nautical theme. Attributed to George P. Post. In use as a commercial building.
Queens, NY36-01 Broadway1928Nautical theme. In use as a commercial building.
Trenton, NJ12-14 East State Street1928Modernist, designer not known. Closed by 1950s. Demolished in 1987.
Manhattan, NY811 6th Avenue1930Nautical theme. Altered, in use as a McDonald's.
Queens, NY67-09 Fresh Pond Road1930 est.Nautical theme. In use as a bank and small office building.
Brooklyn, NY534 Flatbush Avenue1931Nautical theme. In use as a commercial building.
Queens, NY59-37 Queens Boulevard1931Nautical theme. In use as a commercial building.
Queens, NY45-02 43rd Avenue1931Nautical theme. In use as a commercial building.
Brooklyn, NY6620 18th Avenue1931Nautical theme. Demolished circa 2007.
Queens, NY15-02 College Point Blvd.1931 est.Nautical theme. In use as a commercial building.
Brooklyn, NY1801 Avenue M1931 est.Nautical theme.In use as a commercial building.
Queens, NY245-01 Jamaica Avenue1932Nautical theme. In use as a commercial building.

Closing dates, where known, are indicated in the above table. None of the nautical themed restaurants built in the early 1930s appear in 1940 telephone directories, indicating that Childs' had vacated those structures by that date. The earlier locations in Manhattan and Brooklyn do appear in those directories, with the exception of the very early location at 815 Broadway and of the South 4th Street location, which is not known to have been a restaurant and may have been otherwise used by the company.
The following locations were not necessarily built by the Childs Company, but are notable for other reasons:
Although legally separate from the core Childs Restaurants chain, the founders and various family members operated a number of other businesses throughout the 20th century. Below are brief summaries of those operations.
In 1929, William Childs purchased a historic property near his home in Basking Ridge, NJ, and converted it – without making any structural modifications – to an inn and restaurant. and The Grain House Restaurant. This upscale operation was distinctly different from the traditional Childs Restaurants, yet it also met with great success. The family continued to operate it for some time, but was eventually acquired by The Bocina Group, which continues to operate it as of 2009.
In December 1929, after being ousted from the core company, William Childs announced that the family had taken over the Archambault Restaurant at 2678 Broadway, and would relaunch it as "Old Algiers" – the first in a series of "old-world" themed restaurants. In this business, he partnered primarily with three nephews, Ellsworth E. Childs, William S. Childs, and Wallace A. Childs. The new company was soon organized under the corporate name Old London Inc., which was also the theme of their second 1,000-seat location, launched in 1931 at 130 West 42nd Street. This enterprise did not expand much further, likely due to William's advancing age. He died in 1938, and is buried behind the near his New Jersey estate, with a large number of other Childs family members.
As of 2009, the original F.O. Hendrick location is still an operating diner, now called the Anytime Cafe.

Key executives

Family-controlled period

In music

The song "Manhattan", written by Rodgers and Hart in 1925 for the musical Garrick Gaities,
and famously recorded by Tony Bennett, Ella Fitzgerald and others, includes the lines:
We'll go to Yonkers – where true love conquers – in the wilds,
And starve together dear – in Childs

In print

The poem "Spain in Fifty-Ninth Street", written by E.B. White, tells the story of a brief but emotional interaction between a Childs hostess and a random customer at the "Spanish Childs" location, presumably on 59th Street. White wrote a number of other short stories and poems that referenced or featured Childs, likely due to the daily presence of the establishments in his life during the late 1920s and 1930s in New York City.

In film

The opening montage sequence of Neil Simon and Gene Saks' 1968 film The Odd Couple includes a shot of a neon-signed Childs restaurant in New York City, one of several locations Felix Ungar visits before checking into a fleabag hotel to try to commit suicide.

In television

Jimmy Darmody suggests to Richard Harrow, "Let's go get a steak" in the season 2 finale of Boardwalk Empire, "To the Lost".

Onstage

Playwright David Belasco incorporated a complete reproduction of a Childs Restaurant in his 1912 production of Alice Bradley's The Governor's Lady.
Composer George Antheil, who spent part of the 1920s in New York City, selected a Childs Restaurant as one of several iconic American locations for the setting of his 1930 opera Transatlantic.
In the 1953 musical Wonderful Town, which depicted life in New York City during the 1930s, the song "What A Waste" in Act I includes the lyrics:

Girl from Mobile,

Versatile actress,

Tragic or comic,

Any old play,



Suffered and starved,

Met Stanislavsky.

He said the world would

Cheer her some day.

Came to New York,

Repertoire ready,

Chekhov’s and Shakespeare’s and Wilde’s.

Now, they watch her flipping flapjacks at Childs.



What a waste,

What a waste,

What a waste of money and time!