A caboclo is a person of mixedIndigenous Brazilian and European ancestry, or a culturally assimilated or detribalized person of full Amerindian descent. In Brazil, a caboclo generally refers to this specific type of mestiço. The term, also pronounced "caboco", is from Brazilian Portuguese, and perhaps ultimately from the Tupikaa'boc. It means a "person having copper-coloured skin" A person of mixed Indigenous Brazilian and sub-Saharan black ancestry is known as a "cafuzo." In the 1872 and 1890 censuses, 3.90% and 9.04% of the population self-identified as caboclos, respectively. Since then, caboclos are counted as pardos, along with mulattoes and cafuzos. A survey performed in Rio de Janeiro showed that 14% of Whites and 6% of Pardos reported a mixed Amerindian and White ancestry. According to the Mexican researcher Lizcano, based on a non genetic based estimation, caboclos would be 12% of Brazilian population.
Etymology
The term caboclo is said to come from the Tupi word kari'boka, meaning "deriving from the white". Its primary meaning is mestizo, "a person of part Amerindian and part European descent." But it may also be used to refer to any Indigenous Brazilian who is assimilated. The term Indian should not be confused with people originating from India in South Asia. The king of Portugal, D. Joseph I, encouraged marriages between European colonists and Indians in the 18th century; this enabled the European men to settle into families, and resulted in the birth of the first caboclo children. Similarly, in the 19th century during the time of rubber soldiers, the government recruited young, primarily white and mestiço Brazilian men from Northeastern Brazil and transported them into the Amazonian interior to harvest rubber. The men were never granted permission to leave, and married local native women, fathering more generations of mestiços. The caboclo populations in the Amazon region of Brazil are noted as voracious eaters of the açaípalm fruit, which is basic to the traditional diet of the natives. In one study, açaí palm was described as the most important plant species because the fruit makes up such a major component of diet and is economically valuable in the region. The term caboco is also used as an alternate term for the Orishas of the Candomblé religion. The caboclo is also an Orisha.
Days celebrating racial groups in Brazil
In Brazil, the "Day of the Caboclo", observed annually on June 24, in celebration of the contributions and identity of the original caboclos and their descendants. This date is an official public holiday in the State of Amazonas.
"Mixed Race Day" is observed annually on June 27, three days after the Day of the Caboclo, in celebration of all mixed-race Brazilians, including the caboclos. The date is an official public holiday in three Brazilian states.
"Black Awareness Day" is observed annually on November 20 as a day "to celebrate a regained awareness by the black community about their great worth and contribution to the country". The date is an official public holiday in five Brazilian states.
Citations
Books
Adams, C., Murrieta, R., & Neves, W. A.. Sociedades caboclas amazônicas: modernidade e invisibilidade. Sâo Paulo: Annablume. and
Nugent, S.. Amazonian Caboclo Society: An Essay on Invisibility and Peasant Economy. Providence, RI: Berg.
Journal articles
Murrieta, R. S. S., Dufour, D. L., & Siqueira, A. D.. "Food consumption and subsistence in three Caboclo populations on Marajo Island, Amazonia, Brazil," Human Ecology, 27, 455–475.
