Business courts
Business Courts, sometimes referred to as Commercial Courts, are trial courts that hear business disputes primarily or exclusively. The modern creation of specialized Business Courts in the United States began in the early 1990s, and has expanded greatly in the last twenty-five years. Business courts are operating in and 9 other jurisdictions throughout New York State as the New York Supreme Court Commercial Division, Chicago, , New Jersey, Philadelphia and , Pennsylvania, and , Nevada, , Rhode Island, , , Ft. Lauderdale, and , Florida, Michigan, Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio, Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, and Gwinnett County, Georgia, Delaware's Superior Court and Court of Chancery, Nashville, Tennessee, Waukesha County and Green Bay, Wisconsin, Indiana, , Kentucky and South Carolina. shows states having business courts either statewide, in multiple counties or cities, or within a single major city or county, which is accurate through May 2019. In February 2019, through legislation, Wyoming created the Court of Chancery of the State of Wyoming. In May 2019, Georgia's Governor signed a statute into law creating a new statewide business court in Georgia. In New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, South Carolina and New Jersey, among other states with business courts, the original programs have expanded by adding judges and/or by expanding into additional cities and counties.
Delaware's Court of Chancery, the pre-eminent court addressing intra-business disputes, has functioned as a business court of limited jurisdiction for a century. However, its traditional equity jurisdiction has evolved and expanded since 2003 to include technology disputes, some purely monetary commercial disputes, and to expand its role in the alternative dispute resolution of business and commercial disputes. This includes the use of mediation, Masters in Chancery to adjudicate matters, and agreements to make decisions non-appealable.
The significant relationship between business courts and Alternative Dispute Resolution, such as mediation, neutral valuation, and arbitration, is well recognized.
Business and Commercial Courts exist internationally as well, including, for example, England and Wales, Toronto and Quebec, Canada, Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, Hong Kong, Belgium, Bermuda, New South Wales and Victoria Australia, Northern Ireland, Qatar, Dubai, Spain, France, Switzerland, Tanzania, Rwanda, Lesotho, the British Virgin Islands, and Malaysia. New English language commercial courts have been created in Paris, Frankfurt, and the Netherlands.
The American College of Business Court Judges was established in 2005.
Business Court Jurisdiction, Technology Disputes & Cyber Courts, and Complex Litigation Courts
Business Courts are trial courts that hear business disputes primarily or exclusively. In the United States, these courts have been established in approximately twenty-five states. In some cases, a state legislature may choose to create a business court by statute. In other cases, business courts have been established by judicial rule or order, at the Supreme Court or trial court level. In virtually all cases, the jurisdiction of the court to hear certain cases is limited to disputes that are in some way related to "business" disputes, and generally fall into two categories: those courts which require that cases have an additional complexity component; and those courts which establish jurisdictional parameters through a defined list of case types combined with a specified minimum amount of damages in controversy, irrespective of complexity. There are courts with mixed models as well.In New York, for example, the Commercial Division may hear cases alleging breach of contract, arising under the state's business corporation law, arising under the state's partnership law, relating to commercial loans, negotiable instruments, letters of credit, and bank transactions, or involving business torts. The Commercial Division may not, by comparison, hear cases involving landlord/tenant disputes, commercial foreclosures, products liability claims, or claims alleging discrimination except when part of or under the terms of a contract.
Some states have established specialized courts that include technology disputes as part of their express jurisdiction. Through legislative effort and court rule, Maryland established a . In May 2003, Delaware expanded the Court of Chancery's jurisdiction to include technology disputes, and the mediation of other kinds of business disputes. West Virginia's Business Court Division Rule 24.09 expressly includes technology issues. The Davidson County, Tennessee Business Court Docket expressly encompasses technology and biotechnology licensing. North Carolina's Business Court jurisdiction expressly includes computer software, information technology and systems, data and data system security, biotechnology and bioscience technology. The High Court of Justice in England includes a Technology and Construction Court.
California, Connecticut, Phoenix, Arizona, , and have created specialized courts or tracks for complex litigation that would include some business disputes within a broader jurisdiction of complex matters. Arizona also has a specialized commercial court in Phoenix. Other states are in various stages of moving toward or away from business or complex courts, with Colorado having conducted extensive studies nearly two decades ago into the merits and potential parameters of creating a business court on a broad basis, which was not pursued, and Orlando, Florida having to move resources away from its Complex Business Litigation program into its family court, though this program was restored in October 2019, while New Jersey expanded to a statewide business court track in 2015, after having only two counties with specialized commercial courts for 20 years, and South Carolina's Business Court went from a regional pilot program and is now a permanent statewide program.