This compound is prepared by treatment of NaBAr′4 in diethyl ether with hydrogen chloride: NaBAr′4 is soluble in diethyl ether, whereas sodium chloride is not. Precipitation of sodium chloride thus drives the formation of the oxonium acid compound, which is isolable as a solid.
Structure and properties
The acid crystallizes as a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid. NMR and elemental analysis showed that the crystal contains two equivalents of diethyl ether. In solution, the compound slowly degrades to m-C6H32 and BAr′3. is a related compound with a slightly different weakly coordinating anion; it was first reported in 2000. An X-ray crystal structure of that compound was obtained, showing the acidic proton coordinated by both ethereal oxygen centers, although the crystal was not good enough to determine whether the proton is located symmetrically or unsymmetrically between the two.
Uses
Traditional weakly coordinating anions, such as perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, and hexafluorophosphate will coordinate to very electrophilic cations, making these counterions unsuitable for some complexes. The highly reactive species+, for example, has been reported to abstract F− from PF6. Starting in the 1980s, new types weakly coordinating anions began to be developed. BAr′4 anions are used as counterions for highly electrophilic, cationictransition metal species, as they are very weakly coordinating and unreactive towards electrophilic attack. One common method of generating these cationic species is via protonolysis of a dialkyl complexes or an olefin complex. For example, an electrophilic palladium catalyst, , is prepared by protonating the dimethyl complex with Brookhart's acid. This electrophilic, cationic palladium species is used for the polymerization of olefins with carbon monoxide to polyketones in aprotic solvents.
Potential application
s, thermoplastic polymers, are formed by the copolymerisation of carbon monoxide and one or more alkenes. The process utilises a palladium catalyst with a bidentate ligand like 2,2′-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline with a non-coordinating BARF counterion, such as BArF4. The preparation of the catalyst involves the reaction of a dimethyl palladium complex with Brookhart's acid in acetonitrile with loss of methane and the catalytic species is formed by uptake of carbon monoxide to displace acetonitrile. The mechanism involves migratory insertion whereby the polymer chain is bound to the catalytic centre and grows by the sequential insertion of carbon monoxide and the alkene between the palladium atom and the existing chain. Defects occur when insertions do not alternate - that is, a carbon monoxide insertion follows a carbon monoxide insertion or an alkene insertion follows an alkene insertion - these are highlighted in red in the figure below. This catalyst produces a very low rate of defects due to the difference in Gibbs energy of activation of each insertion - the energy barrier to inserting an alkene immediately following an alkene insertion is ~12 kJ mol−1 higher than barrier to carbon monoxide insertion. Use of monodentate phosphine ligands also leads to undesirable side-products but bidentate phosphine ligands like 1,3-bispropane have been used industrially. and carbon monoxide to a polyketone. Examples of defects from double insertions are highlighted in.
